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Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen University questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen University questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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Pathophysiology Exam 1 RasmussenUniversity
Stages of wellknown adaptation syndrome - ANS1. Alarm
Initial response
Sympathetic fearful device
2. Resistance
Adaptation
Limit stressor
3. Exhaustion
Adaptation failing
Disease develops
Edema - ANSExcess fluid in the interstitial space
Dehydration (ECF quantity deficit) - ANSCan arise independently with out electrolyte defects
Decrease in fluid stage leads to increase in degree of blood solutes
Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid extent deficit - ANSDecreased fluid inside the intravascular area
Hypotonic Hydration - ANS(fluid overload)
Causes of Fluid Deficit - ANSInadequate fluid consumption
Poor oral consumption
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation Hemorrhage
Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions
Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Deydration Manisfestations - ANSthirst, altered stage of recognition, hypotension, tachycardia,
vulnerable and thready pulse, flat jugular veins, dry mucous membranes, reduced skin turgor,
oliguria, weight loss, and sunken fontanelles
,Cancer Benign - ANSSlow, modern, localized, properly defined, resembles host (greater
differentiated), grows with the aid of enlargement, does now not typically cause death
Cancer Malignant - ANSRapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quick, deadly, relatively
undifferentiated
Sodium - ANSNormal range: 135-a hundred forty five mEq/L.
• Most significant cation and normal electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base stability.
• Facilitates muscle groups and nerve impulses.
• Main source is dietary intake.
• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
Hypernatremia - ANSSodium > 145 mEq/L
Serum osmolarity increases
• Results in fluid shifts
Causes of Hypernatremia - ANSExcessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline)
management
Cushing's syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
Decreased water ingestion
Loss of thirst sensation
Inability to drink water
Third spacing
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: - ANSincreased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and
sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, extended thirst, irritability, agitation, weak point,
headache, seizures, lethargy, coma, blood pressure modifications, tachycardia, susceptible and
thready pulse, edema, and decreased urine output
Hyponatremia - ANSSodium < 135 mEq/L
Serum osmolarity decreases
Causes of Hyponatremia - ANSDeficient sodium
Diuretic use
Gastrointestinal losses
Excessive sweating
, Insufficient aldosterone levels
Adrenal insufficiency
Dietary sodium restrictions
Excessive water
Hypotonic intravenous saline (0.45% saline) Hyperglycemia
Excessive water ingestion
Renal failure
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Heart failure
Hyponatremia Manifestations: - ANSanorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry
mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy,
confusion, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness seizures, and coma
Hyponatremia Treatment: - ANSlimit fluids and increase dietary sodium
Chloride - ANSNormal range: 98-108 mEq/L
Mineral electrolyte
Major extracellular anion
Found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid
Plays a role in acid-base balance
Main source is dietary intake
Excreted through the kidneys
Hyperchloremia - ANSChloride > 108 mEq/L
Hyperchloremia Causes - ANSIncreased chloride consumption or change:
hypernatremia, hypertonic intravenous solution, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia
Decreased chloride excretion:
hyperparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism, and renal failure
Hypochloremia - ANSChloride < 98 mEq/L
Hypochloremia Causes - ANSDecreased chloride intake or exchange: hyponatremia,
administration of 5% dextrose in water intravenous solution, water intoxication, and hypokalemia
Increased chloride excretion: diuretics, vomiting, metabolic alkalosis, and other gastrointestinal
losses
Hypochloremia Treatment: - ANSidentify and manage underlying cause, sodium replacement
(oral or intravenous), ammonium chloride, and saline irrigation of gastric tubes
Potassium - ANSNormal range: 3.5-5 mEq/L.
The primary intracellular cation.
Plays a role in electrical conduction, acid-base balance, and metabolism.
Main source is dietary intake.
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