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UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY / Chapter 1 Cellular Biology: REVEIW questions with correct answers
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UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY / Chapter 1 Cellular Biology: REVEIW questions with correct answer
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UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY /Chapter 1 Cellular Biology: REVEIW
Eukaryotes are : - correct answers--cells of higher animals and plants, fungi, protozoa,
and most algae.
-larger than prokaryotes
-membrane bound intracellular compartments and organelles and a well-defined
nucleus; genetic info stored in chromosomes
-main parts: plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
Prokaryotes: - correct answers--blue-green algae, bacteria, and rickettsiae.
-NO organelles. Nucleus not well defined, genetic info stored in unicellular chromosome
Cells become specialized through the process of: - correct answers-differentiation, or
maturation, so that they perform one kind of function.
The eight specialized cellular functions are: - correct answers-movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and
communication.
The nucleus: - correct answers-- largest membrane bound organelle, found usually in
the cell's center.
-main function: cell division, control of genetic info
Cytoplasm, or the cytoplasmic matrix, is: - correct answers-an aqueous solution or
cytosol, that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. It
represents about half of the volume of the cell.
The organelles are suspended in the: - correct answers-cytoplasm and are enclosed in
biologic membranes.
Ribosomes are: - correct answers-RNA-protein complexes
responsible for protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - correct answers-network of tubular channels or cisternae
that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane.
- responsible for the synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and lipid components of
most of the organelles, as well as in sensing cellular stress.
Golgi complex - correct answers-smooth membranes and vesicles located near the
nucleus.
,responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles that break
away from the Golgi complex and migrate to a variety of intracellular and extracellular
destinations, including the plasma membrane.
Lysosomes are saclike structures that contain: - correct answers-digestive enzymes.
These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates /sugars.
Cellular injury leads to a release of the: - correct answers-lysosomal enzymes, causing
cellular self-digestion. They also serve as signaling hubs in a network for cellular
adaptation.
Peroxisomes appear similar to lysosomes but contain: - correct answers-several
enzymes that either produce or use hydrogen peroxide and their reactions detoxify
waste products.
Mitochondria contain the : - correct answers-metabolic machinery necessary for cellular
energy metabolism. The enzymes of the respiratory chain /electron-transport chain,
found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, generate most of the cell's ATP.
The cytoskeleton is the: - correct answers-"bone and muscle" of the cell and create the
skeleton and action sites for transportation.
The internal skeleton of the cytoskeleton is: - correct answers-composed of a network of
protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments /microfilaments. They also
form cell extensions such as microvilli, cilia, flagella.
The plasma membrane encloses the cell and: - correct answers-by controlling the
movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways.
Other important functions of the plasma membrane are: - correct answers-cell-to-cell
recognition, cellular mobility, and maintenance of cellular shape.
The basic structure of plasma membrane is the - correct answers-lipid bilayer, which is
studded with various proteins.
Carbohydrates contained within the plasma membrane are generally bound to : - correct
answers-membrane proteins ,glycoproteins, and lipids or glycolipids.
The lipid bilayer determines the structure of the: - correct answers-membrane. Each
lipid molecule is polar, or amphipathic: the head is hydrophilic or "water loving" and the
tail is hydrophobic or "water hating").
The lipid bilayer membrane is organized in two layers, with the: - correct answers-tails
inward and the heads outward. This provides a barrier to the diffusion of hydrophilic
substances, while allowing lipid-soluble molecules to diffuse through readily.
, Membrane proteins can extend across: - correct answers-the bilayer, be in the bilayer
but primarily on one side or the other, or can exist outside of the bilayer.
Membrane proteins, like other proteins, are synthesized by: - correct answers-the
ribosome and then translocate, called trafficking, to different locations in the cell.
Trafficking places unique demands on membrane proteins for: - correct answers-folding,
translocation, and stability. Misfolded proteins are emerging as an important cause of
disease.
Proteins determine the functions : - correct answers-of the membrane. Proteins perform
most of the plasma membrane's tasks.
Proteins act as recognition and binding units for: - correct answers-substances moving
in and out of the cell, pores and transport channels, enzymes that drive pumps or
maintain ion concentrations, cell surface markers, cell adhesion molecules, and
catalysts of chemical reactions.
Proteins form cellular receptors that: - correct answers-recognize and bind with smaller
molecules called ligands.
Proteostasis is the state of: - correct answers-cell balance of the processes of protein
synthesis, folding, and dehydration (protein homeostasis).
The proteostasis network is composed of: - correct answers-ribosomes or makers,
chaperones or helpers, and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of
these systems is associated with disease.
Cell-to-cell adhesions are formed on: - correct answers-plasma membranes, thereby
allowing the formation of tissues and organs.
Cells are held together by three different means: - correct answers-(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3)
specialized cell junctions.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is secreted by: - correct answers-cells and is a
meshwork of fibrous proteins in a gel-like substance. It provides a pathway for diffusion
of nutrients, wastes, and other water-soluble substances.
Basement membrane is a specialized type of: - correct answers-ECM that is very thin,
tough, and flexible. It lies under the epithelium of many organs and is also called the
basal lamina.
Cell junctions are the: - correct answers-contacts between neighboring cells.
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