UCSC PSYCH 103 - ADULT DEVELOPMENT & AGING WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS!!!
Biological: refer to how the body's functions and structures change throughout the aging process
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(normal aging and health, physiological factors, genetics)
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Psychological: include the individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to growing older
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(cognition, personality, and emotions)
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Sociocultural: reflect the cultural, historical, interpersonal influences on an individual (relationships,
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family, work, institutionalization, social context, history, culture)
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Continuity principle - Correct Answer - the changes that people experience in later adulthood build on
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the experiences that had in their earlier years -- Individuals remain the "same" even though they change;
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Expected to be treated as the people they always were, rather than as "old people"
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Individuality matters: asserts that as people age, they become more different from each other
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Their physical functioning, psychological performance, relationships, interest in work, economic security,
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and personality
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-- People vary within and between age groups
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Interindividual differences: differences between people r r r r
The size of hippocampus, a part of brain involved in memory thought to grow smaller as people get older
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Intraindividual differences: the variation in performance within the same individual. Not all the system
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rdevelop at the same rate within the person. May stay the same, increase or decrease over time
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Multidirectionality: intraindividual differences illustrate the fact that development can proceed in
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multiple directions within the same person
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,"Normal" aging is different from disease: growing older doesn't necessarily mean growing sicker
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Personality development: lead depressive symptoms of lowered self-esteem, excessive guilt, changes in
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appetite, and lack of interest in activities
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Older person experiences some moderation in personality qualities such as becoming a bit less
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judgemental in relation to others
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The development of psychological disorders for the first time in late life is not typical
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Only the survivors grow old: - Correct Answer - the people who live to old age are the ones who
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managed to outlive the many threats that could have caused their deaths at earlier ages
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-- Aging individuals are increasingly self-selected
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Biological: they may have inherited good genes/managed to maintain their physical abilities
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Psychological: cognitively and emotionally healthy r r r r
Sociocultural: have surrounded themselves with a good support system; r r r r r r r r
-- Avoid being overweight/drinking and driving/eating inadequate fruits and vegetables/ being physically
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inactive/smoking
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primary, secondary, and tertiary aging - Correct Answer - Primary, secondary, and tertiary aging refer to
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processes that, over time, accumulate, and in the absence of accident or injury, cause the individual's
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death.
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Primary aging (or normal aging): refers to normal changes over time that occur due to universal, intrinsic,
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and progressive alterations in the body's systems ex: some loss of teeth (not all), balance problems,
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muscle weakness etc.
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Secondary aging (or impaired aging): changes over time due to disease and poor health practices rather
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than normal aging
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Ex: Ex: alzheimer's, cancer, etc.
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Tertiary aging: sets in towards end of life, when individuals experience a rapid loss of functions across
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multiple areas of functioning
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, Ex: decline in intellectual and motor abilities.
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What factors increased life expectancy since the 20th century? How will changes in the age, -gender,
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racial, and socioeconomic distribution of the United States population affect society? - Correct Answer -
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Life Expectancy- average number of years of life remaining to the people born within a similar period of
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time.
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Baby Boomers- Represents every baby born after World War II, from 1954 to 1964. By 1964, roughly 40%
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of the population was Baby Boomers. The importance is the extreme size of this group at about the same
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age moving through the population together.
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Reasons for the increase in life expectancy can be seen by the reduction in death rates for children and
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young adults. People are also living longer once they reach 65 years old, at which point life expectancy
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becomes 84.3.
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Vaccines, new technology that eliminated the need for dangerous manual labor, retirement plans
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What is the difference between chronological, psychological, and social age? Please provide examples
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and explain their relation to successful aging. - Correct Answer - Chronological Aging- number based on
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measures of the Earth's movement around the sun, however we do not know how much the changes in
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the physical universe relate to what goes on inside the body in any kind of precise fashion.
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Psychological Aging- the performance an individual achieves on measures of such qualities as reaction
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time, memory, learning ability, and intelligence (all of which are known to change with age). Like a
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biological age, a person's performance on these tasks would be compared with those of older adults and
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then scaled accordingly.
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Social Aging- calculated by evaluating where people are compared to the "typical" ages expected for
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people to be when they occupy certain positions in life. These positions tend to center on family and
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work roles. EX: a grandparent would have an older social age than would a parent, even though the
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grandparents might be chronologically younger than the parent. Psychological and Social indices are
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likely to change over time.
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Define and provide an example of a normative age-graded event [primary aging], a normative history-
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graded event [cohort effects], and a non-normative event [individual differences]. Explain the relation
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