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Samenvatting - Biochemie II
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Dit is een uitgebreide samenvatting van biochemie II. Gegeven door prof. Evelyne Meyer Alle metabole wegen komen er in voor met tekening en uitleg
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Biochemie 22023-2024
Aiko Paelinck
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1 Lever ................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Metbolisme regeling .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Sachariden metabolisme .................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Glucose-6P ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Glucagon ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Insuline ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Lipiden metabolisme ........................................................................................................................................ 11
1.3.1 Distributie lipiden .......................................................................................................................................12
1.3.1.1 HDL ........................................................................................................................................................12
1.3.2 Exogene voedingslipiden (= chylomicronen) .................................................................................................13
1.3.3 Endogene voedingslipiden ..........................................................................................................................16
1.3.4 Ketogenese & ketolyse ................................................................................................................................17
1.3.4.1 Tekort suikers ..........................................................................................................................................17
1.3.4.2 Ketonen ..................................................................................................................................................18
1.3.4.3 Mechanisme ketogenese (zie reactie yoko) ...............................................................................................18
1.3.5 ketolyse ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.6 Anabolisme lipiden ........................................................................................................................................ 20
1.3.6.1 Citraatshuttle ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Uitleg figuur ........................................................................................................................................................21
1.3.6.2 Vetzuur afbraak ..................................................................................................................................... 24
1.3.6.3 Synthese precursor malonyl CoA ........................................................................................................... 25
1.3.6.4 Eigenschappen & regulatie vetzuren ....................................................................................................... 26
1.3.7 Synthese tricylglycerolen & glycerofosfolipiden ............................................................................................... 26
1.3.9 Aansluiting glycerol op gluconeogenese .......................................................................................................... 26
1.3.9 Regulatie vetzuursynthese & afbraak ............................................................................................................... 27
1.3.9.1 Insuline ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
1.3.9.2 Glucagon/ epinephrine ................................................................................................................................ 27
1.3.10 Synthese cholesterol naar steroïden ............................................................................................................. 28
1.3.10.1 Kenmerken cholesterol ............................................................................................................................. 28
1.3.10.2 Kenmerken vitamine D............................................................................................................................... 28
1.3.10.3 Drie processen cholesterolsynthese .......................................................................................................... 28
1.3.10.3.1 Stap 1: isopentyl – PP.............................................................................................................................. 29
1.3.10.3.2 Stap 2: vorming Squaleen ....................................................................................................................... 31
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
1.3.10.3.3 Stap 3: cholesterol met een cyclisch steraan skelet ................................................................................. 32
1.3.10.4 Regeling cholesterol synthese.................................................................................................................... 32
Statines ..............................................................................................................................................................33
1.4 Proteïnen metabolisme: detoxificatie van NH3 .................................................................................................... 33
1.4.1 Het aminozuur katabolisme ....................................................................................................................... 34
1.4.1.1 Teveel NH4?........................................................................................................................................... 36
1.4.2 Ontgifting NH4+ via ureumcyclus (ureogenese) ............................................................................................... 36
Proces ................................................................................................................................................................36
Stappen ureumcyclus (ureogenese) .....................................................................................................................38
1.4.2.1 Regeling ureumcyclus ................................................................................................................................. 38
1
,Hoofdstuk 2 Spier ............................................................................................................................................... 39
2.1 Chemische samenstelling van de sarcomeer ..................................................................................................... 39
2.1.1 Dwarse streping ............................................................................................................................................. 39
2.1.2 Structuur van een dik filament ........................................................................................................................ 40
2.1.3 Structuur van een dun filament ....................................................................................................................... 40
2.2 Principe van de contractie ................................................................................................................................. 41
2.2.1 Hoe ontwikkelen we de kracht? ...................................................................................................................... 41
2.3 Metabolisme van de skeletspier......................................................................................................................... 42
2.3.1 Energiebronnen voor de contractie ................................................................................................................. 42
2.3.2 Variatie in substraatgebruik ........................................................................................................................ 43
2.3.2.1 TCA ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
2.3.2.2 suiker -en lipidenverbranding ....................................................................................................................... 43
2.3.3 Hormonale regeling contractie skeletspier .................................................................................................. 44
Suikers en vetten .................................................................................................................................................... 44
2.3.4 Lever contractie skeletspier ....................................................................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 3 Vetweefsel ...................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1 Vergelijking met de lever .................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1.1 Gelijkenissen met de lever .............................................................................................................................. 46
Synthese <-> afbraak vetzuren ................................................................................................................................ 48
3.1.2 Verschillen met de lever ................................................................................................................................. 49
3.2 Regeling lipiden metabolisme (adipocyt) ............................................................................................................ 50
3.2.1 Principe regeling vetzuurmetabolisme............................................................................................................. 50
3.2.2 Unieke regeling via adrenaline in de adipocyt ................................................................................................... 50
3.3 Specifiek lipidenmetabolisme bij herkauwers ..................................................................................................... 52
3.3.1 Ketogenese en gluconeogenese bij HK ............................................................................................................ 52
3.3.1.1 Ketogenese in rumen ................................................................................................................................... 52
3.3.1.2 Extra hepatische ketolyse ............................................................................................................................ 54
3.3.1.3 Gluconeogenese in het rumen (principe) ...................................................................................................... 54
3.3.1.4 Katabolisme oneven vetzuren ...................................................................................................................... 55
Hoofdstuk 4 Bloed .............................................................................................................................................. 56
4.1 Erythrocyten metabolisme: ijzermetabolisme ..................................................................................................... 56
Absorptie van Fe .................................................................................................................................................56
Opname ferritine.................................................................................................................................................56
Ferritine: opslag ..................................................................................................................................................56
Fe – transport: transferrine ..................................................................................................................................57
Stap 1 .................................................................................................................................................................58
Stap 2 .................................................................................................................................................................59
Laatste stappen ..................................................................................................................................................60
Controle .............................................................................................................................................................60
Klinische biochemie: Porfyrinemiën .....................................................................................................................60
4.1.3 Regeling zuurstoftransport.............................................................................................................................. 61
4.2 Hemostase ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
4.2.1 Aggregatie trombocyten ................................................................................................................................. 62
4.2.2 Vasoconstrictie via aggregatie trombocyten .................................................................................................... 62
2
, .............................................................................................................................................................................. 62
4.2.3 Bloedstolling coagulatie ................................................................................................................................. 63
Mechanisme van de coagulatie............................................................................................................................63
Vorming fibrine netwerk ......................................................................................................................................64
Controle coagulatie cascade ...............................................................................................................................65
Anti – coagulantie ...............................................................................................................................................65
4.2.4 Fibrinolyse ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 66
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