Summary
Chem 162 Exam 2 Summary
- Course
- Chem 162
- Institution
- University Of Hawaii - Manoa
Exam 2 Summary on Chapter 15 to 17 ; topics of equilibrium, reaction rates, acid & base, and calculations
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CHAPTER 15● Molecules constantly move between phases, RATE which molecules move from liquid to
gas (vise versa) is constant
● Chemical equilibrium: State which rate of forward reaction and the rate of the reverse
action are the same
How equilibrium is reached
● Forward reaction starts to slow down
● Rate of forward reaction larger than the reverse reaction so the reverse rate of reaction
is usually ignored
● Speed of forward reaction slow down equal to speed of reverse reaction (EQUILIBRIUM)
● Reactants are not fully used up
○ Reaction slow down where forward rate of reaction is on same time scale as
reverse rate of reaction
○ RATE OF FORWARD REACTION IS ON SAME SCALE AS THE REVERSE
REACTION (EQUILIBRIUM)
○ Once equilibrium is reached, overall amount of each reactant and product
remains constant
When equilibrium is reached, use double arrows
Relative reaction rates
● K<Q
○ Reverse reaction favored; reaction lies to the left
○ At equilibrium more reactants than products
● K>Q
○ Forward reaction favored; reaction lies to the right
○ At equilibrium more products than reactants
● K~Q
○ Neither direction favored
Determining where reaction equilibrium lies
● If products are favored
○ Equilibrium lies to the right
● If reactants are favored
○ Equilibrium lies to the left
Decrease in volume, equilibrium shift to left
Increase in volume, equilibrium shift to right
2.13.18
, 4 ways to affect equilibrium
1. Change concentration of reactants/ products
2. Changing temperature of reaction
a. If exothermic RXN, temperature increase, K will get smaller
b. If exothermic RXN, temperature decrease, K will get larger
c. If endothermic RXN, temperature increase, K will get larger
d. If endothermic RXN, temperature decrease, K will get smaller
3. Change volume/pressure of reaction
a. Increasing the pressure of a system making them be much closer together
i. Reaction will shift away from the side with more moles of gas
b. Decreasing the pressure making them be further apart than before.
i. Reaction will shift toward the side with more moles of gas
4. Adding a catalyst/noble gas to reaction
a. Adding a catalyst to a system does not affect equilibrium because it will affect
everything equally
b. Adding a noble gas does not affect the equilibrium because it will affect the
pressure of everything equally.
● Increase reactant or product, RXN will shift away from increase.
● Remove reactant, reaction shift toward decrease right to make more reactant .
● When solid is added, no shift.
● Only aqueous or gas will affect equilibrium.
● If a RXN is exothermic, then “heat” is considered a product
● If a RXN is endothermic, then heat is considered a reactant
CHAPTER 16
3 types of acid and bases
● Arrhenius acid and base
○ Acid: substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in water
○ Base: substance that increase concentration of hydroxide ions in water
● Bronsted lowry acid and bases
○ Acid is a proton donor
■ Must have at least 1 removable (acidic) proton to donate
○ Base is a proton acceptor
■ Must have at least one nonbonding pair of electrons to accept a proton
● Lewis acid and bases
○ Acid is a electron pair acceptor
○ Base is an electron pair donor
H+ proton, Hydrogen
H2O+ : Hydronium ion
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