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NURS 3309 PATHO Final Exam With Complete Solution

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nurs 3309 patho final exam
nurs 3309 patho final exam with complete solution
how does the sympathetic nervous system affect
how does the raas system affect bp
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NURS 3309 PATHO Final Exam
With Complete Solution

Cardiac Cycle - ANSWER one contraction and on relaxation phase

Systole - ANSWER Contraction phase

- moves blood out of ventricles

Diastole - ANSWER Relaxation phase

- blood fills ventricles

Fill in the blank:

The heart is a _____-flowing pump. - ANSWER forward

Cardiac Cells (Myocardial Cells) - ANSWER Automaticity - certain cells
(Pacemaker Cells) are able to generate an impulse with NO outside stimulus

Rhythmicity- ability to regularly generate an action potential (60-100bpm)

Conductivity- ability to rapidly transmits electrical impulses from one cell to
another (intercalated disks)

- high number of mitochondria (ATP source)

- access ions form environment (Na+ and K+)

Cardiac Conduction Sequence - ANSWER Sa Node --> AV node --> bundle of
His --> Rt and Lt bundle branches --> purkinje fibers

How does the autonomic nervous system control heart rate? - ANSWER

,affects...

- rate of impulse (HR)

- depolarization and repolarization

- strength of contraction

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart? - ANSWER -
increased Ca+ influx

- increases rate/strength of contraction (norepinephrine)

- dilate coronary arteries

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate? - ANSWER
decreases rate/strength of contraction (acetylcholine)

Cardiac Output - ANSWER HR x SV

- amount of blood heart pumps out in a minute

Slower heart rate means... - ANSWER greater filling time

Faster heart rate means... - ANSWER slower filling time

Stroke Volume - ANSWER The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one
contraction.

- preload

- contractility

- afterload

Preload - ANSWER volume (pressure) in ventricles just before systole

Contractility - ANSWER force of contraction (Frank Starling Law)

,Frank-Starling law: effect on cardiac output - ANSWER volume of blood at
the end of diastole is directly related to the force of contraction at the next
systole

- preload will effect SV and CO

Afterload - ANSWER resistance from aorta and left ventricle must overcome
to get blood to rest of the body

- diameter of the vessel's lumen

Arteries - ANSWER - thick walls

- pulsatile tissue: elastic, fibrous connective tissue smooth

- take blood away from the heart

Veins - ANSWER - thin walls

- larger diameter

- contain valves

- tissue: more fibrous connective tissue

- take deoxygenated blood back to heart

Capillaries - ANSWER Smallest blood vessels

- layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane, some have
fenestrations

- allow diffusion of substances from circulatory system into the tissues

, Endothelium - ANSWER the lining of blood vessels

Function:

- substance transport to cells

- coagulation

- antithrombogenic

- fibrinolysis

- immune system

- tissue and vessel growth and wound healing

- 'vasomotion' (dilation/contraction of blood vessel) >> affects AFTERLOAD
and tissue perfusion

How does the RAAS system affect BP? - ANSWER increase BP in response to a
drop in BP (reduced blood volume)

- angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor

- aldosterone inc. sodium retention

- renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

RAAS system - ANSWER decreased perfusion to kidneys releasing renin
converts to angiotensin I to angiotensin II which vasoconstrict & increase

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