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APHY 102 Midterm Exam Questions And Answers
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APHY 102 Midterm Exam Questions And AnswersWhat is a hormone, and how does it act? -Answer Hormones are chemical messengers
that take part in regulation. Their secretion takes place into the body fluids in general and
into the blood in particular. It exerts specific actions on target tissues, which mean any
tissue possessing specific receptors for the hormone in question.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions. - Answer A
control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone
secretion
What is a paracrine secretion? - Answer glands that secrete messenger molecules that
affect nearby cells
What is an autocrine secretion? - Answer glands that secrete messenger molecules that
affect cells that secrete substances
what is an exocrine gland? -Answer a gland that makes and secretes substances into
ducts leading to body surfaces; external
what is an endocrine gland? -Answer A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into
the bloodstream, acting only on target cells; internal
location of hypothalamus -Answer beneath the thalamus
location of pituitary gland -Answer at the base of the brain in sella turcica of sphenoid
bone
Location of the pineal gland - Answer brain
,Location of parathyroid glands - Answer posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Location of thyroid gland - Answer neck
Location of thymus - Answer behind the sternum
Location of adrenal gland - Answer on top of the kidneys
Location of adrenal cortex - Answer outer portion of the gland
Location of adrenal medulla - Answer inside portion of gland
Location of pancreas - Answer behind the stomach
Location of testes scrotum
Location of ovary lower abdomen
Describe steroid hormones. poor water-solubility; can diffuse through lipid bilayer of cell
membranes; cortisol, testosterone, sex hormones; derived from cholesterol
Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action 1. endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone
2. blood carries hormone throughout body
3. steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane & enters cytoplasm or nucleus
4. hormone binds to a receptor molecule in the cytoplasm or nucleus
5. steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA & initiates transcription of messenger
RNA
6. messenger RNA moves to cytoplasm & translates directing protein synthesis
, 7. newly synthesized proteins create specific effects of the steroid hormone
Describe non-steroid hormones. - Answer Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins;
unable to enter the cell through the lipid bilayer; bind to receptors on membrane of target
cells; 1st messenger, cAMP is 2nd messenger
Sequence of non - steroid hormone using cyclic AMP - Solution 1. Endocrine gland
secretes non - steroid hormone.
2. Blood carries hormone throughout body.
3. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of target cell, activating G protein.
4. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in target cell membrane.
5. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP.
6. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
7. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in cell that change metabolism.
8. The action of the hormone is effected by alteration of the cell
What is the difference between the way in which the anterior pituitary and posterior
pituitary release their hormones? - Answer The anterior pituitary receives signalling
molecules from the hypothalamus, which induce the anterior pituitary to synthesize and
secrete seven hormones. The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but
stores and secretes two hormones made in the hypothalamus.
Which part of the brain controls the secretion of the pituitary gland? - Answer the
hypothalamus
tropic hormones describe hormones that act on other glands, to regulate their hormone
secretion
anterior pituitary hormones growth, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating, adrenocorticotropic,
follicle-stimulating, leutinizing
Growth hormone anterior pituitary bone and muscle growth, stimulated by GHRH
Prolactin anterior pituitary stimulates milk production, stimulated by PRF
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