Anaphylactic reactions - what physical assessment findings will be present? 1. SOB 2. Blood pressure changes (may be high initially, then low) 3. Rash 4. Itch 5. Tachycardia 6. severe anxiousness 7. happens immediately 8. Treatment: epinephrine
5 rights of drug administration? right drug right dos...
NURS 323 Exam 1 Practice Questions
and Solutions
Anaphylactic reactions - what physical assessment findings will be present? ✅1. SOB
2. Blood pressure changes (may be high initially, then low)
3. Rash
4. Itch
5. Tachycardia
6. severe anxiousness
7. happens immediately
8. Treatment: epinephrine
5 rights of drug administration? ✅right drug
right dose
right patient
right time
right route
right storage
right preparation
right documentation
What are the Pregnancy categories? ✅A. Studies fail to demonstrate a risk to fetus in
1st trimester.
B. Animal studies fail to show , no studies in humans.
C. Animal studies show risk, but no human studies performed or avaliable.
D. Positive evidence of fetal risk in humans but benefits greater in some situations.
X. Studies show abnormalities, risk always outweighs benefits.
Peak and trough times and reasons why this is done? ✅1. Peak level- the point in time
when a drug is at it's highest level in the body
2. Trough level: the point in time when a drug is at its lowest level in the body
Example: antibiotics are an example of a drug that must stay at a constant therapeutic
level in the blood in order for them to exert their maximum therapeutic effect
What is pharmacokinetics and its phases? ✅How the drug moves through our body
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism (biotransformation-liver)
4. Excretion of drugs (through the kidneys)
Protein binding significance ? ✅Drugs that are protein bound do not travel to the
receptor sites
, Drugs that are high in protein you have to give a higher dosage.
High protein bound drugs can lead to drug toxicity
What is the First Pass effect? ✅-Drugs that are absorbed via the GIT are circulated to
the liver first via the hepatic portal vein.
-Liver then acts as a filter.
-Only part of the drug is circulated systemically.
-The combination of processes is termed "First Pass" Effect.
Differences in water percentage in older adults versus children? ✅
Drug characteristics that cross the blood brain barrier? ✅Drugs that are highly lipid
soluble are more likely to pass through the blood-brain barrier and reach the CNS.
Notable is the fact that almost all antibiotics are not lipid-soluble
Critical concentration (minimal effective concentration)? ✅The correct amount of a
drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect (not toxic or too weak)
what is p450 cytochrome for? ✅Metabolism (biotransformation)- changing and
alteration of a drug structure (occurs so that the drug can be easily excreted by the
kidney)
what is an inducer? ✅a. Drugs that increase metabolism (or breakdown of the drug)
b. Activator or accelerator
c. Result: drug gets biotransformed faster and becomes less deactivated & is less
potent
d. Example:Atorvastatin + Phenytoin = too weak a dose, med will not work
what is an inhibitor? ✅a. Drugs that decrease metabolism (or prevent the enzyme from
breaking down the drug)
b. Result: drug does not fully biotransformed & becomes more potent or toxic
c. Example: Atrovastatin + Grapefruit juice =toxic too strong a dose
Factors influencing how a drug is absorbed? ✅1. Weight
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Physiological Factors
5. Pathological Factors
6. Genetic Factors
7. Immunological Factors
8. Psychological Factors
9. Environmental Factors
10. Drug Tolerance
11. Cumulative Effect
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