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Adult Development and Aging
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Adult Development and Aging
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Test Bank For Adult Development and Aging 8thEdition By John C. Cavanaugh; Fredda Blanchard-Fields
Life Span Perspective - ANSWER: Views development as continuous from childhood
through old age.
Contextual Influences on Development - ANSWER: Incorporates the effects of sex,
race, ethnicity, social class, religion, and culture.
Developmental Science - ANSWER: A term that is gradually replacing the term
developmental psychology as the focus on life span development continues to
encompass a broader variety of domains than a sole focus on the psychology of the
individual.
Geriatrics - ANSWER: The medical specialty in aging; an interdisciplinary field that
draws from biology, sociology, anthropology, the humanities, and other behavioral
and social sciences.
Niche-Picking - ANSWER: The proposal that genetic and environmental factors work
together to influence the direction of a child's life.
Organismic Model - ANSWER: Proposed that heredity drives the course of
development throughout life; changes over time occur because the individual is
programmed to exhibit certain behaviors at certain ages with distinct differences
between stages of life. Qualitative; active; biological (intrinsic).
Mechanistic Model - ANSWER: Proposes that people's behavior changes gradually
over time, shaped by the outside forces that cause them to adapt to their
environments; growth throughout life occurs through the individual's exposure to
experiences that present new learning opportunities. Quantitative; passive; external
(environmental).
Interactionist Model - ANSWER: Not only do genetics and environment interact in
complex ways to produce their effects on the individual, but that individuals actively
shape their own development; most similar to nice-picking because it proposes that
you can shape and be shaped by your own environments. Multidirectional,
multidimensional, active, reciprocal.
Plasticity in Development - ANSWER: The course of development may be altered,
depending on the nature of the individual's specific interactions in the environment.
, Reciprocity in Development - ANSWER: People both influence and are influenced by
the events in their lives; people are not only shaped by their experiences, but also
shape many of the experiences that affect them.
Ecological Perspective - ANSWER: Proposed by developmental theorist Urie
Bronfenbrenner (1994), identifies multiple levels of the environment as they affect
the individuals over time; defines five levels of the environment or "systems", all of
which interact in their influence on the individual and influence development in
different ways.
Center to outside: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
Microsystem - ANSWER: In the center of the ecological model; the setting in which
people have their daily interactions and which therefore have the most direct impact
on their lives.
Mesosystem - ANSWER: The realm of the environment in which interactions take
place among two or more microsystems (ex: home difficulties carrying over into co-
worker relationships).
Exosystem - ANSWER: Includes the environments that people do not closely
experience on a regular basis but that impact them nevertheless. These
environments include such institutions such as the workplace and community
centers as well as extended family, whom may not be seen often.
Macrosystem - ANSWER: Includes the larger social institutions ranging from a
country's economy to its laws and social norms; influences the individual directly
through the exosystem.
Chronosystem - ANSWER: Refers to the changes that take place over time; the
interacting systems within the ecological model are affected by historical changes-
these can include events within the family, for example, as well as events in the
larger society that indirectly affect the individual by affecting the macrosystem.
Life Course Perspective - ANSWER: Norms, roles, and attitudes about age have an
impact on the shape of each person's life. Not the same as life span. Refers to the
progression of a person's life events, one that is heavily shaped by society's views of
what is appropriate and expected to occur in connection with particular ages.
Social Clock - ANSWER: The expectations for the ages at which a society associates
with major life events, which set the ace for how people think they should progress
through their family and work timelines.
Activity Theory - ANSWER: The view that older adults are most satisfied if they are
able to remain in their social roles.
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