NURS 611 EXAM 2 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM AND TEST BANK COMPLETE 150+ QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what? - correct answer Conserving energy,
digesting, metabolism, and rest
The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing? - correct
answer Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood
pressure. In general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned with the
protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and BP.
Review: the sympathetic system is all about what? - correct answer It's all about mobilizing
energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles, decreased release of insulin, redirects blood
supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs.
Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction? - correct answer
Level of consciousness. LOC is the most critical clinical index of nervous system function or
dysfunction. An alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or deterioration of a
person's condition.
Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain? - correct answer
Prefrontal lobe. The prefrontal area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability
to concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and inhibition on
the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects? - correct answer Broca area in the
frontal lobe. Broca speech area is the only region responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in which area of the brain? -
correct answer Basal ganglia
Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral
patterns are main functions of which area of the brain? - correct answer Hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas: 1) maintenance of a constant internal
environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns.
What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral
states? - correct answer Limbic system and prefrontal cortex
Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing, swallowing,
and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain? - correct answer Medulla oblongata.
The medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion of the
brainstem.
,Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious muscle
synergy and for maintaining balance and posture? - correct answer Cerebellum
The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output? - correct answer 20%
or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute
What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to the
hypothalamus? - correct answer Uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels,
and poor temp regulation. The hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon.
Hypothalamic function controls autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp,
endocrine function (glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression.
What is the first defense of our bodies? - correct answer Skin and mucous membranes
Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process? - correct answer To prevent
infection of the injured tissue. If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local
and system response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect
against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection? - correct answer Edema (tumor), warmth (calor),
redness (rubor), and pain (dolar). There is a 5th sign known as loss of function (functio laesa)
Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection? - correct answer
Leukocytes
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? - correct answer
Increased capillary permeability. The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a
leakage of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is solely
responsible for inflammation-induced edema.
What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process? - correct
answer Vasodilation of blood vessels. The increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and
increasing concentration of red cells at the site of inflammation cause locally increased warmth
and redness.
The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by? - correct answer Directing
leukocytes to the inflamed area
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic
factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts
neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
What is pain mediated by? - correct answer Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and
prostaglandins
, The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to: - correct answer Tag the
pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin.
Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory
system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
During phagocytosis what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization? - correct
answer Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria. During phagocytosis, opsonization
involves only the recognition and adherence of phagocytes to bacteria.
What is the correct sequence of phagocytosis? - correct answer Recognition (opsonization),
engulfment, fusion, and destruction.
Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence of
phagocytosis involves opsonization or recognition of the target and adherence of the phagocyte
to it, engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of phagosome, fusion with
lysosomal granules within the phagocyte and destruction of the target.
Which manifestations of inflammation is systemic? - correct answer Fever and leukocytosis.
The only primary systemic changes associated with the acute inflammatory response are fever,
leukocytosis (a transient increase in circulating leukocytes), and increased levels in circulating
plasma proteins.
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the
hypothalamus being affected by? - correct answer Endogenous pyrogens
Fever-causing cytokines are known as endogenous pyrogens.
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to
elevations of which leukocyte? - correct answer Neutrophils
Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within
6-12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular
debris at the inflammatory site.
What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage? - correct answer
Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces the destroyed tissue.
Repair is the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue. Scar tissue is primarily made up
of collagen, which fills in the lesion and restores tensile strength but cannot carry out the
physiologic functions of the destroyed tissue.
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, the
process of returning the cells to pre-injury function is referred to as: - correct answer
Resolution
