TEST BANK Massage Therapy 7/E Susan Salvo j j j j j j
Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Professional
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Societies, Organizations, and Associations.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE j
1. Which method is defined as manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for
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j clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes?
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a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity therapy j
d. Massage therapy j
ANS: D j
Massage therapy the manipulation of soft tissue using compression and
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decompression/traction for clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes or for wellness and
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self-care purposes.
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2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
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a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: B j
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
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mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit makeh,
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and the French masser.
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3. When was the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
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a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: C j
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures. Historically,
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massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or rubbing.
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4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BCE in which country?
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a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: B j
Written records regarding the practice of massage go back to 3000 BCE in China. Acupuncture
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was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BCE.
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5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
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, a. Tao Te Ching j j
b. Nei Ching j
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus Hippocraticum j
ANS: B j
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow
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Emperor (died in 2599 BCE) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine
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known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BCE, and this work contains
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detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
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6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic
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j therapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: D j
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese
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therapies, manual and energetic.
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7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
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a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: A j
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China, and massage became
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part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical texts, the Ayurveda
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books of wisdom (about 1800 BCE) and recommend massage as an indispensable healing
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procedure.
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8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses pressure applied
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j from the practitioner’s thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
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a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: B j
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as
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acupuncture —energy flows in the body through streams called channels or meridians.
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Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu j j j j j j j j j j j j
practitioners use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, elbows, and even their knees and feet.
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9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
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a. Galen
b. Celsus
c. Rhazes
, d. Hippocrates
ANS: D j
Hippocrates was known to be a fine physician, founder of a medical school, author of numerous
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books, and advocated the use of massage or ―rubbing.‖ These works are collectively known as the
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Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about disease and medicine in
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the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of modern Western
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medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients.
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10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the
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j East and the West?
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a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: C j
A text entitled
j j or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest j j j j j j j j j j j j
Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon
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of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and the West.
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11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
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a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: A j
Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest
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individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He used friction to treat dislocated joints
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and other orthopedic conditions.
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12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular
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contraction of the heart?
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a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: C j
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628, and
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his writings did much to promote the acceptance of massage as a treatment measure.
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Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that active phase of the heart muscular
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contraction (systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins.
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13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
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a. Johann Mezger j
b. Pehr H. Ling j j
c. George Henry Taylor j j
, d. John Harvey Kellogg j j
ANS: B j
Pehr Henrik Ling (1776 to 1839) developed his own system of massage and exercises or
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gymnastics, the latter of which consisted of four types—educational, military, medical, and
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esthetic. This system was called the Swedish Remedial Massage and Exercise, the Swedish
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Movement Cure, or simply the Ling system.
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14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
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a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai massage j
d. Swedish massage j
ANS: D j
The term Swedish massage was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. For
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this reason, Ling is regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
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15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe
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j massage techniques? j
a. Johann Mezger j
b. William Harvey j
c. Pehr H. Ling j j
d. Charles Taylor j
ANS: A j
French was the international language in the nineteenth century. The Dutch physician Johann
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Mezger (1838 to 909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to
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describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) which is still used in
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massage legislation, medical insurance billing codes, and massage curricula.
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16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
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a. Tiffany Field j
b. Florence Nightingale j
c. Charles Fayette Taylor j j
d. John Harvey Kellogg j j
ANS: B j
Florence Nightingale (1829 to 1910) of England, founder of modern nursing, took care of
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wounded soldiers during the Crimean War (1853 to 1856). She developed a standard of care for
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patients, and massage was an integral part of care. When nurse training was developed, massage
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was included in the curriculum and massage was provided to patients as part of their comfort
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measures.
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17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured
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during which event?
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a. World War I j j
b. World War II j j
c. Civil War j
d. Viet Nam War j j
ANS: A j
