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Gerontology - Literature Exam Questions and Answers 2024/2025( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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Gerontology - Literature Exam Questions and Answers 2024/2025( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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Gerontology - LiteratureGerontology - ANS discipline that studies human ageing. Is interdisciplinary, with
disciplines like economy, sociology, psychology, and epidemiology and of
course, biology. Origin in Greek. 'Geron' in Greek means old man and 'gerh'
means growing up or aging. The word refers to being old and also to the process
of ageing. The word 'gerontology' was first used in the 19th century, but
throughout history, people have been interested in gerontology (Cicero, Roman
Empire).
There are many gerontological discussions - ANS that stress the diversity of old
age. Some gerontologists state that people become old when they turn 50, others
state that people become old once they reach 75 years. Researchers did find a
solution for the differences of opinion and that solution is to see old age as a
sequence of two separate and distinct periods of life. These periods are called the
young-old age and the old-old age or the third age and the fourth age.
The third age - ANS is a period in which people have relative freedom and good
health. People in this age period don't have the responsibility for the upbringing
of their children and they also don't have to work.
The fourth age - ANS is a period in which there is an accelerated decline of
mental and physical health. People in this period also have losses in social
relationships. Every understanding of old age has its advantages and
disadvantages. Also, the usefulness of the understanding depends on the
context.
One of the biggest differences between older Europeans is their gender - ANS
There are about as many women as men in Europe, different in older age groups.
There are a bit more women aged 65 years and older in Europe than men. In some
countries, this difference is marginal (Iceland and Macedonia), while in others two
out of three older people are female (the Ukraine and Latvia).
That gender difference - ANS results from two factors. First, Women live longer
than men do. Over-represented in the older age-groups. The second factor is that
mostly men fight as soldiers in wars, so war-related deaths are particularly
common among men.
,Another difference between old Europeans is in their social networks differences
- ANS These are connections with friends and kin. Important for older people,
because they enhance their wellbeing and health. These days' kinships are looser
than in the decades before, but there are differences between countries. In
Norway, Sweden and Finland there is extended defamiliarization. In Eastern
Europe and in South Europe, family ties are still very important.
Another big difference between older Europeans is their socio-economic status
differences - ANS tells us the position a person has in society. Is determined
from wealth, occupation and educational level. The wealth of older Europeans is
relatively low in Eastern Europe and relatively high in continental European
countries. The educational level is also higher in Continental Europe and
Northern Europe, than in Southern Europe, like Spain and Greece. Also, the
occupational prestige of older people is higher in Continental and Northern
Europe than in Southern Europe.
Health differences in Europe - ANS (Men have higher self-perceived health) Level
of resources for health care is the lowest and the people from those countries
have the highest prevalence of smoking and obesity. By contrast, in Northern and
Western Europe, people have the best health care and the lowest level of risk
factors for diseases. There are variations within the regions. The highest
proportion of obese men can be found in the Czech Republic (31%), but the
lowest proportion of obese men can also be found in Eastern Europe, in Moldova
(10%).
Gerontology - ANS The study of these components and their interrelations.
Components are biological, social, spiritual, environmental and psychological in
nature. The sub-discipline of gerontology which focuses on physical processes,
is called bio- and health gerontology.
Bio-gerontology - ANS biologists and biochemists study the process of ageing
on a molecular level and they try to figure out how the ageing process affects
organs and the entire body. Some of the questions answered by bio
gerontologists are why human cells die and how organs stay stable over time.
These scientists see biological aging of the body as the result of the appearance
and disappearance of the cells of organs.
Biological aging - ANS Organs have cells that die and that are replaced by new
cells. De Grey is a biogerontologist, who concluded that ageing can be seen as a
,disease. However, some gerontologists think that he is being too optimistic. This
is because bio gerontologists use animals like rats and flies for their studies and
it is not clear whether these results can be generalized to humans.
Health gerontology - ANS Doctors who do clinical research and epidemiologists.
Is linked to the environmental and social aspects of human ageing. How
biological changes affect daily lives and how health care services have to adapt.
Questions with which health gerontologists are concerned are how one can help
people to live longer and how one can increase the healthy life expectancy. Look
at social inequalities when trying to answer the questions. This can be between
different educational levels or income groups. two levels of health-related
intervention are underlined. These levels are the individual level and the
population level. The individual level might focus on health promotion and
prevention and the population level might focus on housing conditions and
organization of social care systems.
Looking at the traditional definition of health - ANS health is the absence of
disease. When people age, their health deteriorates and people develop diseases.
Old age and good health were therefore seen as mutually exclusive states.
This opposition can be explained with senescence - ANS describes biological
ageing. Bodies react to changes more slowly with senescence and as a
consequence, they recover from illnesses with more difficulty. Because of this,
health declines in old age and disease becomes more common. There are two
different reasons why older people have more health problems. The first reason
is that aging itself causes health to decline (coronary heart diseases). The second
reason is that diseases require a long time to develop and they will therefore only
manifest in older ages (certain types of cancer). Need to differ what bodily
changes are normal, and which signal diseases.
The World Health Organization (WHO) see's health - ANS In 1948, they proposed
that health is not only a physical state, but also a social well-being state include
the subjective aspect of social well-being in the terminology of health. But the
question that arose because of this, is what social well-being actually is.
Gerontologists say that social well-being is a good quality of life.
According to them, quality of life - ANS has two dimensions. The first dimension
is health related, like pain and discomfort. The second dimension is not
health-related. This second dimension refers to personal resources.
, Personal resources - ANS Some of these might be the capability to find spiritual
satisfaction or the capability to form friendships. Because of this dual nature,
good health in old age can be maintained by preventing diseases and enhancing
personal resources. Strategies for promoting healthy aging need to look at both
ways to be healthy.
Active ageing - ANS is optimizing opportunities for health, participation of
security and with this, enhancing quality of life.
Successful ageing - ANS looks a bit like active ageing, but it has received a more
critical reception, is a combination of three elements: absence of diseases and of
risk for disease, engagement in productive activities and maintenance of
cognitive and physical abilities. Both active aging and successful aging underline
the activities of older people. Successful aging does not draw attention to quality
of life, implies that people age successfully if they do not age at all, thus active
aging term is preferred.
The three important approaches for teaching healthy ageing - ANS are learning
from health promotion strategies, slowing down the ageing process and utilizing
the potentials of preventive medicine.
Health promotions - ANS focus on reducing the risks leading to four diseases in
particular: lung diseases, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases (also
strokes). The promotions suggest e.g. moderate intake of alcohol, not smoking,
also, a stable social and psychological situation
Another strategy is slowing down the ageing process - ANS Ageing as a life-long
process. The foundations of healthy aging are laid during one's childhood and
youth. If you have a healthy life-style at a young age, the chances of you aging
will be higher. Also anti -aging medicines suggested sometimes, however not
proven to be successful.
Another approach in promoting healthy ageing is to utilize the potentials of
preventive medicine - ANS is for people who did not yet fall ill. This strategy tries
to prevent healthy individuals from developing diseases. Preventive medicine
makes use of the other two approaches just described. It also finds an early
diagnosis of diseases important, because this allows for higher chances of
recovery and more effective treatments. Early diagnosis can help us to ensure
good health in old age.
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