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Psychology 105 - Final Exam well answered to pass
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Psychology 105 - Final Exam well answered to pass
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Psychology 105 - Final ExamDevelopmental psychology - correct answer ✔✔The study of how behavior changes over an individual's
lifespan
Post Hoc Fallacy - correct answer ✔✔(A then B) != (A causes B)
Bidirectional Influences - correct answer ✔✔Development influences experiences, experiences influence
development
Cohort Effect - correct answer ✔✔Differences in groups due to growing up in a different era/time period
The Influence of Early Development - correct answer ✔✔Early input from the world is not more
important than input at any other time
Nature vs Nurture - correct answer ✔✔Out psychosis is affected by both our genes (nature) and our
environment (nurture)
Gene-Environment Interactions - correct answer ✔✔Genes can intensify the behaviour we develop from
our environment
Nature via Nurture - correct answer ✔✔Our genetics drive us to find environments that suit us, giving
the false appearance of a pure environmental effect
Gene expression - correct answer ✔✔Some genes "turn on" only in certain situations
Proliferation - correct answer ✔✔Period between 18 days and 6 months where babies develop neurons
at an incredible rate (up to 250K per minute)
,Teratogens - correct answer ✔✔Things that hinder prenatal development (smoking, alcohol, drugs,
chicken pox)
Motor Development - correct answer ✔✔We're born with some motor functions (sucking, rooting),
while others develop over time (rate is affected by culture and physical maturity)
Physical Development - correct answer ✔✔Adolescence: Puberty, sex changes, physical maturity
Adulthood: Physical/cognitive peak in early 20s
Stagelike vs Gradual Development - correct answer ✔✔Stagelike development refers to sudden changes
(stages), gradual development refers to a slow (gradual) growth
Domain General vs Domain Specific - correct answer ✔✔Domain-general suggests that we have a global
knowledge structure, domain-specific suggests that we have specialized knowledge structure
Principal Source of Learning - correct answer ✔✔Emphasis on different learning sources (physical
experience vs social interaction vs biological maturation)
Who is Jean Piaget? - correct answer ✔✔Swiss psychologist who presented the first complete account of
cognitive development. Stage theorist who believed in domain-general development.
Piaget's Theory - correct answer ✔✔Children assimilate knowledge in a stage, and hit a new stage when
they can't assimilate new information
Piaget's Stages - correct answer ✔✔Sensorimotor: Birth to 2yrs, focus on here and now, lack object
permanence
Preoperational: 2-7yrs, can consiously construct memories, egocentric
Concrete operations: 7-11yrs, can perform mental operations for physical events
, Formal operations: 11-adulthood, can understand reasoning beyond the here and now, can understand
logical concepts and abstract questions
Pros and Cons of Piaget's Theories - correct answer ✔✔Pros: showed us that kids aren't just small adults,
learning is not passive
Cons: children's competence was underestimated and methods were culturally biased
Who is Lev Vygotsky? - correct answer ✔✔Psychologist who developed theories on social and cultural
influences on cognitive development
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - correct answer ✔✔The middle ground between what learners
can and can't do (what they can do with guidance)
Cognitive Changes in Adolescence - correct answer ✔✔Frontal lobes aren't fully matured, feelings of
uniqueness, care-free
Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood - correct answer ✔✔Ability to recall information and processing
speed decline, memory of pertinent information increases
TL;DR: Slower learner, but wiser
Early Social Development - correct answer ✔✔Infants quickly develop interest in other people, develop
stranger anxiety at 8-9 months that peaks at 12-15 months
Temperament - correct answer ✔✔Largely genetic predisposition that determines how a child acts
Easy (40%): Regular sleep/eat/bathroom cycles, adapt to change well
Difficult (10%): Irregular sleep/eat/bathroom cycles, doesn't adapt to change well
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