Presence - correct answer ✔✔Presumed cause must be present when effect is present
Precedence - correct answer ✔✔Presumed cause must precede the effect
Strength of influence - correct answer ✔✔The strength of the presumed cause must influence the
strength of the effect appropriately
5 ways to operationalize constructs - correct answer ✔✔Observations of behavior
Self reports
Psychological tests
Physiological measures
Preformance on other tasks
Correlational studies - correct answer ✔✔Measures the existence of a relationship and its strength
Dont meet criteria of presence or precedence
BUT can give strength of association when ethical or practical problems prevent an experiment
Experiments - correct answer ✔✔set up artificial conditions to test for presence, precedence, and
strength of influence
Between participants design - correct answer ✔✔A control group that does not get the independent
variable is used in comparison to a experimental group that does
Within participants design - correct answer ✔✔the same group is measured twice, once with the
independent variable present and once without
Pretest/Posttest Design
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