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PATHOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE KEY-TERMS
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PATHOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE KEY-TERMS PATHOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE KEY-TERMS PATHOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE KEY-TERMS
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PATHOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE KEY-TERMSPathology - ANSWER the study of diseases
Disease - ANSWER Alteration resulting in characteristic signs and symptoms
Reasons to studying pathology - ANSWER understanding diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and
complications
Diagnosis - ANSWER the art and science of distinguishing one disease from another
VINDICATE - ANSWER mnemonic for pathological classification of the body
hematology - ANSWER study of blood related disorders
immunology - ANSWER study of the defense mechanisms of the body
histopathology - ANSWER study of the changes in the shape of cells, tissues, or organs
cytopathology - ANSWER study of diseases by looking at individual cells
genetics - ANSWER study of abnormal genes and chromosomes
homeostasis - ANSWER steady state of dynamic balance
etiology - ANSWER the study of the causes of diseases
pathogenesis - ANSWER mechanism of how a disease develops
morphological change - ANSWER visible change in tissue due to damage, degeneration, or
deficiency
,clinical manifestations - ANSWER symptoms and signs related to a disease
causes of cell injury - ANSWER physical, chemical, infectious, immune, genetics, nutrition, hypoxia
radiation - ANSWER induces free radical formation with subsequent nuclear damage
factors affecting response - ANSWER severity, duration, condition, location, specialization
labile cells - ANSWER cells capable of continuous regeneration (ex. skin, epithelial linings)
permanent cells - ANSWER cells are incapable of regeneration (ex. nervous, heart, skeletal muscle)
stable cells - ANSWER cells only multiply when necessary (ex. liver, kidney, smooth muscle)
adaptations - ANSWER changes in the tissue and orgAnswer due to chronic stress
hypertrophy - ANSWER increased size of tissue or organ (ex. muscle)
atrophy - ANSWER decrease in size of tissue or organ due to decreased cell mass
sarcopenia - ANSWER loss of muscle mass due to aging
hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells in a tissue (ex. prostate)
hypoplasia - ANSWER underdeveloped tissue or organ due to a decrease in cell number
agenesis - ANSWER failure of organ or tissue to develop in the fetus
aplasia - ANSWER failure of primitive cells to develop after birth
,metaplasia - ANSWER change from one cell type to another type not common for the area
chronic HPV infection - ANSWER metaplasia in the cervix
columnar to squamous
premalignant
chronic cigarette smoking - ANSWER metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium
premalignant
accumulations - ANSWER collection on material inside or outside of the cells
hemosiderosis - ANSWER accumulation of iron due to frequent blood transfusions
hemosiderin - ANSWER pigment found in macrophages in brown induration
hemochromatosis - ANSWER accumulation of iron due to unchecked dietary absorption
lipofuscin - ANSWER brown pigment in aging cells
(especially in the brain and heart)
bilirubin - ANSWER yellow pigments derived from the breakdown of red blood cells
amyloid - ANSWER useless extracellular proteins seen in Alzheimer's and amyloidosis
alzheimer's disease - ANSWER amyloid deposits in the brain resulting from inflammation
amyloidosis - ANSWER generalized deposition of amyloid in tissues like kidney, heart
cholesterol - ANSWER accumulation of cholesterol in arterial walls = atherosclerosis
, calcium - ANSWER dystrophic or metastatic function
dystrophic calcification - ANSWER calcification in previously damaged tissue
normal calcium levels
metastatic calcification - ANSWER calcification in normal tissue
associated with hypercalcemia
xanthelasma - ANSWER deposits of cholesterol-rich material of the eyelids
xanthoma - ANSWER soft, yellow skin nodule with cholesterol-rich material near joints
hypercalcemia presentation - ANSWER stones, bones, groans, and moans
stones - ANSWER hematuria
bones - ANSWER nocturnal bone pain
groAnswer - ANSWER peptic ulcer and constipation
moAnswer - ANSWER depression and slow nerve conduction
injury to the nucleus - ANSWER genetic, nutritional, or radiation
injury to the cell membrane - ANSWER receptor defects, free radical injury, microbiological
injury to energy production - ANSWER hypoxia and ischemia will affect ATP production
hypoxia - ANSWER oxygen deficient in tissues often due to ischemia
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