Emotions: Scientific and Clinical Aspects (500192B6)
Institution
Tilburg University (UVT)
Book
Understanding Emotions
In-depth notes from the lectures, integrated with notes from the book "Understanding emotions" and the following research papers:
"The riddle of human emotional crying: a challenge for emotion researchers" by Vingerhoets et al.
"Mindfulness, emotion regulation, and well-being" by Nyklíček et al.
...
Emotions: Scientific and Clinical Aspects - Summary
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Tilburg University (UVT)
Psychologie
Emotions: Scientific and Clinical Aspects (500192B6)
All documents for this subject (2)
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Available practice questions
Flashcards Emotions
Flashcards182 Flashcards
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Flashcards182 Flashcards
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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Polyvagal theory Porges
Answer: 1. dorsal vagal complex
2. sympathetic nervous system
3. ventral vagal complex (controlled by vagus nerve)
2.
vagal tone
Answer: related to:
-positive emotions (bidirectional)
-social interaction
-emotion regulation
-attention
3.
spinal injuries
Answer: -lower emotions
-lower anxiety and sexual drive
-but only when not controlling for age, sex, education
4.
Niedenthal
Answer: -embodiment
-memory of an emotion will cause bodily sensations of that emotion
-emotional related bodily responses have an effect on how we categorize objects
-when people are prevented to move facial muscles categorization is harder
5.
somatic marker hypothesis
Answer: -we need info from the body to guide behavior
-ventromedial frontal damage leads to low skin conductance and inability to avoid high risk gambles in the Iowa Gambling Task
6.
mirror neurons
Answer: -premotor cortex
-fire when one performs an action ore when another is seen performing an action
7.
disgust
Answer: -insula
8.
encephalitis lethargica
Answer: -sleeping sickness
-ventral striatum destroyed
-treatment with L-dopa
9.
Papez
Answer: sensory impulses from body and outside world reach the thalamus in three pathways:
1. Striatal region (movement)
2. Cerebral cortex (neocortex, thought)
3. Limbic system (feeling)
10.
striatal region
Answer: -planning and generating basic behavior
-damaged in Huntington
Content preview
LECTURE 1 + ARTICLE The Riddle of Human Emotional Crying: A Challenge for Emotion Researchers
Learning goals:
• The student can describe the evolutionary background, developmental trajectory, and the intra- and inter-
individual effects of crying
• The student can name the determinants of individual differences in crying and explain the association thereof
with psychopathology.
Unravelling the mysteries of emotional tears
Why is the study of crying interesting?
• There are 2 major, but until now unproven, claims:
✓ Crying (with tears) has contributed significantly to our phylogenetic development and has made us the
hyper-social beings that we are (it relates to empathy, warmth, etc.)
✓ Crying brings us relief when being stressed, it is even healthy
• A better understanding of crying may have clinical significance (relationship with depression, pathological grief,
numbness after PTSD, BDP and other psychopathology, therapeutic processes, neurological disorders)
• The topic crying clearly shows how emotion can be approached from very different perspectives and disciplines
Associations with the verb “weep” and “crying”
• However sadness is not what cause us to cry, it is actually the helplessness feeling we have when being sad that
makes us cry
Evolutionary approach
• Human babies are pretty much helpless creatures
• What they can use to invoke care from others are some characteristics such as big eyes, roundness (which are
also seen in stuffed animals and cartoons)
• Also smiling invokes caregiving behavior, as well as crying
• Darwin studied emotions in his essay “The expression of emotions in man and animals” and believed that
emotional tears do not serve any purpose
What is crying?
• Emotional crying: shedding of tears from the lacrimal apparatus, in absence of any irritation of the eyes
• This is accompanied by alterations in facial muscles, vocalizations and sobbing
• Only humans cry with tears in response to emotional events
,How does crying work?
• There are three types of tears:
1. Basal tears→ made in order to keep the eye lubricated and smooth out irregularities in the cornea
2. Reflexive tears→ made in response to irritants to the eye, such as when chopping onions or getting poked in
the eye
3. Psychic tears → produced by the lacrimal system and are the tears expelled during emotional states
• There are many factors influencing the production of tears:
✓ Meibomian glands are responsible for basal tears, which are involved in keeping the eye hydrated
✓ Lacrimal glands are responsible for reflexive tears, so tears due to irritant stuff in the eye, and emotional
tears
• The lacrimal gland and its neural innervation:
✓ Sensoric nerves detect when something is irritating the eye and send signals to the brain, which in turn
causes the eye to clean itself through reflexive tears
, ✓ However the lacrimal nuclei is also under the effect of the limbic area, which explains why we also cry
because of emotions
• There are also muscles involved in crying and when crying there is an increased activity of blood vessels of the
face, especially in the nose
Evolutionary background and developmental aspects of crying
Evolutionary background
• Ethologists have classified behavioral systems in animals (Scott, 1969)
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