Nur242: Oncology Exam with complete
solutions 2024/2025
dysplasia vs neoplasia - ANSWER- -dysplasia: reversible
-neoplasia: irreversible/cancer
Cell cycle: - ANSWER- G0 = resting state
G1 (Gap 1)
S-phase (synthesis)
G2 (Gap 2)
M (Mitosis) = two identical daughter cells
*G1-G2 "interphase" = chromosomes copied
tumor suppressor genes... - ANSWER- prevent cells from going through the cell
cycle but mutations can make them inactive
Ex. BRCA 1
Development of cancer: - ANSWER- 1. Initiation- Mutation of DNA (mostly
acquired)
2. Promotion- promoters (obesity, fat, alcohol, smoking)
3. Progression- growth (tumor angiogenesis), invasiveness, metastasis
Carcinogens - ANSWER- Enter nucleus and damage DNA
1. Benzene, Arsenic, formaldehyde, asbestos
2. Radiation
3. Viral (HBV, HCV, HPV, H Pylori)
4. Obesity
5. Smoking
6. alcohol
7. dietary fat
Latent period:
,Size to be picked up on MRi - ANSWER- 1. time btw initial genetic alteration to
clinical evidence; 1 to 40 yrs
2. 0.5 cm; 1.0 cm to be palpable
What is skip metastasis? - ANSWER- tumor cells travel to distant nodes
Immune system role: - ANSWER- 1. Lymphocytes cont. check cells for tumor
associated antigens and destroy them
Immunologic escape: How? (6) - ANSWER- 1. suppress factors that stimulate T
cells
2. Weak surface antigens allow them to sneak through
3. immune system develops tolerance to some tumor antigens
4. cancer cells suppress immune system by products they secrete
5. induction of suppressor T cells
6. blocking antibodies from binding TAAs, preventing recognition
Oncofetal antigens... - ANSWER- Found in/on tumor cells, as a result as cell
regains its embryonic capability
ex. PSA
Main difference btw Benign vs. malignant neoplasms - ANSWER- Malignant cells
invade and metastasize
How is cancer classified? (3) - ANSWER- 1. Anatomic site
2. Histology/grading
3. Extent/Staging
Anatomic site classification
1. identified by?
2. Carcinomas?
3. Sarcomas?
4. Lymphomas/leukemias? - ANSWER- 1. tissue of origin
2. ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucous membranes)
3. mesoderm (CT, muscle, bone, fat)
4. Hematopoietic system
Histologic classification of cancer:
1. based on?
2. Grade 1
3. Grade 2
, 4. Grade 3
5. Grade 4 - ANSWER- 1. appearance of cells and degree of differentiation
2. well differentiated
3. mod. differentiated
4. poorly differentiated
5. undifferentiated/immature/primitive
Extent of disease classification:
1. based on what 3 parameters?
2. Tis/O
3. 1
4. 2
5. 3
6. 4
7. X - ANSWER- 1. Tumor size/invasiveness, Node lymph spread, Metastasis
2. in situ; only superficial (not invasie)
3. localized origin
4. local spread
5. local & regional spread
6. metastasis
7. cannot be measured
T or F: once stage classification is made, it cannot be changed - ANSWER- True
(but may be restaged)
Cancer: Assessments (13) - ANSWER- 1. Fatigue, fever
2. wt loss, vomiting
3. pain (HA, bone pain)
4. mass
5. pallor, purpura, whitish reflex of eyes
6. lymphadenopathy
7. changes in bowel or bladder habits
8. A sore that doesn't heal
9. unusual bleeding or discharge from orifices
10. Thickening/lump
11. Indigestion/dysphagia
12. obvious changes in wart/monitor, walking/coordination
13. Nagging cough/hoarseness
Additional measures to reduce r/of cancer and why - ANSWER- 1. Adequate rest
2. reduce stress
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