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UConn EEB 2244 Final Exam Fall 2024
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UConn EEB 2244 FinalExam Fall 2024
Life Histories - Answer the series of changes undergone by an organism during its
lifetime.
R-strategy - Answer Fast reproduction, low investment, r comes from the growth rate of
the logistic equation
K-strategy - Answer Slow reproduction, high investment, K comes from the carrying
capacity of the logistic equation, because they stabilize near the carrying capacity.
Ruderals - Answer (e.g., weeds such as Canada thistle) tolerate disturbance, found near
human activity, but not good at competing and have a high demand for nutrients. They
also grow fast and devote a high proportion of their energy to reproduction.
Stress tolerators - Answer (e.g., woody lousewort) are typically small herbs with a long
life span, slow growth, and a long time to sexual maturity. Many stress tolerators rely on
vegetative reproduction (reproducing from roots and stems) instead of producing costly
seeds. Dry heat areas, also marshes, exposed areas or covered in snow in winter
Competitors - Answer (e.g., goldenrod) when conditions are less stressful: grow fast,
achieve early sexual maturity, and devote little energy to seed production.
Extrinsic Factors of Life History - Answer not part of the essential nature of someone or
something; coming or operating from outside., i.e. environmental impacts on survival
and reproduction
Intrinsic Factors of Life History - Answer belonging naturally; essential., trade-offs
among traits and lineage-specific constraints on the expression of genetic variation
(don't have genetic capacity for a trait)
Principle of allocation - Answer the observation that when resources are devoted to one
body structure, physiological function, or behavior, they cannot be allotted to another.
optimized life history - Answer resolves conflicts between competing demands of
survival and reproduction to achieve maximum fitness.
Size/number tradeoff - Answer The larger the offspring of a species, the fewer offspring
can be produced.
Number/care tradeoff - Answer The more offspring of an organism, the less care each
offspring receives.
,David Lack's hypothesis - Answer birds should lay the number of eggs yielding the
highest number of surviving offspring
Growth and survival vs. reproduction Tradeoff - Answer Animals that delay sexual
maturity can often expect to live a longer time after that and therefore benefit from the
delay.
Animals that start reproducing get to reproduce sooner (before they die) but are
hindering chances of future survival.
Determinate Growth - Answer individual does not grow any more once it initiates
reproduction. ex. mammals and birds
Indeterminate growth - Answer an individual continues to grow after it initiates
reproduction.
ex. many plants, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and amphibians
Trinidadian Guppies - Answer in lower reaches of streams, guppies have short life
expectancy due to predation. Males mature earlier. Females allocate more body mass to
repro and produce many more smaller offspring
in upper reaches, long life expectancy due to low predation rates. Males mature later -
slower life history. Females give more energy to growth and survival.
The Ultimate Cost in Nature - Answer to fail to reproduce before dying
Senescence - Answer gradual decrease in fertility and increase in the probability of
mortality (molecular defect accumulation)
Human Senescence - Answer Between the ages of 30 and 85, the rates of human
metabolism, nerve conduction, blood circulation, and breathing capacity decrease up to
65%. Over time, the function of the immune system also declines, leading to higher
death rates.
Perennial - Answer Lifespan more than one year
Annual - Answer Lifespan less than one year
Semelparity - Answer organisms reproduce only once during their life
rare in vertebrates
common in insects and plants.
Iteroparity - Answer organisms reproduce multiple times during their life
common among birds, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians.
Group - Answer a purposeful joining of individuals.
,These groups have benefits such as increased survival, feeding, and mating, but also
mean an increase in the rate of resource depletion.
optimal grouping - Answer has to balance a wide variety of costs and benefits all of
which impact fitness
Protection: Shared Vigilance - Answer More eyes looking means less looking per
individual. ex. finches
Protection: Shared Defense - Answer Group attacks on predator, coordinated
distraction and evasion. ex. muskox
Protection: Numerical Dilution - Answer More individuals means lower likelihood of
predation on a specific individual
Food Benefit - Answer Shared foraging/Hunting/Defense of food source
Mating Benefit - Answer Group animals are more likely to find a mate
Altruism - Answer Personal negative, positive to another
Reciprocal Altruism - Answer Altruism with the expectation of receiving altruism in the
future
Spite - Answer Negative to both the donor and the recipient, not seen in nature
Cooperation - Answer Net positive for all parties involved
Selfishness - Answer Positive for the individual at the cost of another
Prisoner's Dilemma - Answer a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that
illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.
Kin Selection - Answer Altruistic behavior increases the fitness of a relative and in so
doing indirectly increases the fitness of the altruist, coefficient of relatedness is 1/2 per
unit of distance
Hamilton's rule - Answer benefit to the genes of the donor must be greater than the cost
Eusociality - Answer Cooperative communities with non reproductive castes. ex. ants,
bees, mole rats
Spatial ecology - Answer a specialization in ecology and geography that is concerned
with how ecological events can be explained through the detection of patterns at a given
spatial scale.
, Scale - Answer the spatial extent of ecological processes and the spatial interpretation
of the data. Organism's response to the environment is particular to a specific scale.
Examples of Scale - Answer Global, Biome, Regional, Continental, Landscape, Local
Spatial Distribution and Niche - Answer Spatial distribution of populations is limited by
their niche to ecologically suitable habitats. The range of conditions in which a
population performs well.
Fundamental Niche - Answer The range of abiotic conditions in which a species can
exist.
Realized Niche - Answer The combination of abiotic and biotic conditions in which a
species can exist. ex. being outcompeted in a certain range limits the realized niche
Climate Envelope - Answer The range of suitable climate conditions for a species
Abundance - Answer the total number of individuals in a population that exist within a
defined area
Population density - Answer the number of individuals per unit area or volume
Typically highest near center of geographic range
CMR: Capture Mark Recapture - Answer N= nM/x where N equals population size, M =
1st sample captured individuals, x = recaptured individuals, n = 2nd sample captured
individuals
CMR assumptions - Answer Animal markings are not lost
Marked and unmarked animals are equally likely to be caught. They mix thoroughly
between samples.
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