Human Physiology - Stuart Ira Fox - 14th
Edition- Chapter 17- Kidneys exam with
complete solutions 2024/2025
Kidney Functions - ANSWER- Regulation of the extracellular fluid environment in
the body, including: Volume of blood plasma (affects blood
pressure), Wastes, Electrolytes, pH.
Renal cortex - ANSWER- Granular outer cortex of the kidney containing many
capillaries, the renal corpuscles and renal tubules.
Renal medulla - ANSWER- Stripped middle section containing the "pyramids" and
"columns" containing the collecting ducts and blood vessels.
Renal corpuscles - ANSWER- Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
Bowman's Capsule - ANSWER- Fluids from glomerulus are collected here
Glomerulus - ANSWER- This is where filtration begins.
Nephron - ANSWER- Functional unit of the kidneys with more than one million on
each kidney. Consists of small tubules and
associated blood vessels
Two type of Nephrons - ANSWER- juxtamedullary and cortical
Juxtamedullary nephron - ANSWER- better at making concentrated urine
Cortical nephron - ANSWER- Majority of nephrons in the kidneys
Micturition - ANSWER- Urination
, Detrusor muscles - ANSWER- Line the wall of the urinary
bladder. Innervated by parasympathetic neurons and release acetylcholine onto
muscarinic ACh receptors.
Gap junctions - ANSWER- Connect smooth muscle cells
Sphincters - ANSWER- Surround urethra
Different Type of Sphincters - ANSWER- Internal urethral sphincter and External
urethral sphincter
Internal urethral sphincter - ANSWER- Made of smooth muscle.
External urethral sphincter - ANSWER- Made of skeletal muscle.
Stretch receptors in the bladder - ANSWER- Send information to
S2−S4 regions of the spinal cord
Guarding reflex - ANSWER- When the bladder is filling, sensory neurons in the
bladder activated by stretch stimulate interneurons located in the S2 through S4
segments of the spinal cord. Parasympathetic nerves to the detrusor muscle are
inhibited while the striated muscle of the external urethral sphincter is stimulated
by somatic motor neurons. and prevents the involuntary emptying of the bladder
Voiding reflex - ANSWER- When the bladder is sufficiently stretched sensory
information passes up the spinal cord to the pons, where a group of neurons
functions as a micturition center. The micturition center activates the
parasympathetic nerve to the detrusor muscle, causing rhythmic contractions.
Inhibition of sympathetic neurons may also cause relaxation of the internal
urethral sphincter. Person can control with the external urethra sphincter.
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