CHEM&219 UNIT 4 EXAMINATION WITH A+ GRADED ANSWERS
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Course
CHEM&219 UNIT 4
Institution
CHEM&219 UNIT 4
1. Examples of how organohalide compounds are used by humans -
- have been found in marine life (algae, mollusks, sponges, etc.),
bc they metabolize the high concentrations of inorganic chlorides and
bromides that are found in the seas.
- Industrially, organohalides find uses as solvents, insec...
CHEM&219 UNIT 4 EXAMINATION
1. Examples of how organohalide compounds are used by humans -
✔✔- have been found in marine life (algae, mollusks, sponges, etc.),
bc they metabolize the high concentrations of inorganic chlorides and
bromides that are found in the seas.
- Industrially, organohalides find uses as solvents, insecticides,
herbicides, cleaning fluids, fire retardants, and refrigerants,
among others.
- In medicinal use, many organohalides are used as inhaled
anesthetics and disinfectants.
- The compound known as Teflon is a polymer that finds many
uses as a lubricant and in non-stick applications such as
cookware. Teflon is a polymer containing carbon-fluorine bonds
instead of carbon-hydrogen bonds, as are seen in a typical
organic molecule.
2. What is the primary reason halogen-containing compounds are
important in organic chemistry? - ✔✔Their reactivity
3. They can be used as starting materials in the synthesis of larger and
more complex organic molecules because of the variety of reactions
that can occur in an organohalide molecule.
4. What are two of the most important reaction types typical of
organohalides? - ✔✔Substitution reaction (nucleophilic substitution
reaction)
5. Substitution reaction - ✔✔Replacing the halogen atom in a molecule
with another atom or functional group
,6. Elimination reaction - ✔✔A reaction that removes the halogen and
hydrogen atoms from the original substrate molecule creating an
unsaturated compound.
7. What are the four halogen elements? - ✔✔F, Cl, Br, I
9. Alkyl halides - ✔✔Aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, alkynes)
that possess one or more halogen atom substituents.
10. Since halogen atoms have the same bonding pattern as
hydrogen atoms (forming one single covalent bond), they often take
the place of hydrogen atoms in organic molecules.
11. Aryl halides - ✔✔Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings) with
one or more halogen atoms attached to the ring (a compound in
which a halogen is bound to the carbon of a benzene ring)
12. Vinyl halides - ✔✔Halogen is bound to a carbon of a double
bond.
15. Nomenclature of halogen atoms - ✔✔The naming of alkyl and
aryl halides follows the IUPAC systematic methods for nomenclature.
, Halogen atoms are treated as substituents on the parent chain of the
molecule. The "-ine" suffix of the element name is removed and
replaced with "-oro or -omo" as a suffix, corresponding to the specific
halogen. Thus, chorine become chloro-, fluorine becomes fluoro-,
bromine becomes bromo-, and iodine becomes iodo-. These
substituent names are incorporated alphabetically into the IUPAC
name of the compound.
16. Ex: 1-bromo-1-chloro-3-iodocyclopentane
17. What is the additional method of classification for Alkyl halides?
- ✔✔Alkyl halides are characterized according to the degree of "steric
bulk" or structural substitution surrounding any carbon atom that
bears a halogen.
- the alkyl halide is primary (1°) if only one carbon is directly
attached to the carbon bearing the halogen.
- If there are two carbons directly attached to the carbon bearing
the halogen, then the halide is classified as secondary (2°)
- if three carbons are directly attached to the carbon bearing the
halogen, the halide is tertiary (3°).
- If there are only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the carbon
bearing the halogen (no other carbons) then the halide is
referred to as a "methyl" halide.
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