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Summary Notes of all the lectures of Migration and Citizenship
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Notes of all the lectures (lecture 1-6) of Migration and Citizenship
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Notes lectures Migration and citizenshipLecture 1
Citizenship
- Close link between immigration and integration/citizenship
- Integration is expected from immigrants natives are assumed to be integrated
- ‘Successful integration’ can give access to formal citizenship
- Immigrants have to pass an exam that tells us a lot about the Netherlands today
- Citizenship is important for everybody living in a nation-state
- Citizenship has formal and informal aspects
- Civic, political, social and cultural citizenship over time, citizenship became broader, more
rights for more people, until the moment of culturalized citizenship
- Questions of belonging have become very important
Analyze what integration is.
Simona Vezzoli, Migration
The beginning of migration. What happens in the country of origin?
Why study migration?
- To explain shifts in integration patterns in terms of volumes, timing, destination of migration
as well as the characteristics of migrants
- To understand how migration is linked to change – eithers as a cause or as an effect of
migration
- To consider structure and agency, macro, meso and micro-level perspectives and several
disciplines to what extend is it their own desire to migrate? Macro level = structure, micro
level = agency
- To examine migration as a complex long-term social phenomenon that connects origin and
destinations – migration and integration are connected
Migration trends over time
The peak of Syrian arrivals
- Supposed migration crisis 4 years ago, mainly from Syria
- Not discussed very much anymore
- What is important? 700.000 migrants have entered Europe via Greece. Most stayed
within the region Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan.
Mediterranean crossings
- On and off migration crisis
- This year, arrivals are much lower than other years. But politicians are still talking about a
migration crisis.
And the jungle in Calais, France
- Asylum seekers trying to go to the UK
- Emergence of informal settlements, the state destroys it, it gets rebuild again and again
European emigrations
- A lot of emigrations between 1891 and 1920
- Migration types are not so different from those of today
- Most people were poor and uneducated who needed to find different ways to earn a living
,Indentured workers
- Migration from India
- People were send from India to Mauritius, British Guyana and other British plantation
countries
- Migration associated with wars millions of people were pushed around
Post-WWII migration to Europe
- Intra-European migrations initial migration, from Italy to Switzerland and Germany, from
Spain and Portugal to France, often done through recruitment/guest worker programs
- Migrations to Europe linked to colonialism and independent movement, language
similarities could let them fill the jobs, Dutch Caribbean to the Netherlands. Also Soviet-
sphere: Vietnam to Eastern Europe
- 1973 oil crisis Europe ends recruitment, but not labor migration, gulf countries attract
labor – diversion from Europe to the Gulf. At the policy level there was an ending of
migration and encouraging return or integration. Encouraging to return didn’t work out,
instead: family reunion. For the Gulf, there wasn’t a crisis.
In the 1950s, there was also emigration from Europe to other countries. Feeling that the Netherlands
was overcrowded, so encouraging Dutch people to go abroad, especially Australia and New Zealand.
State plays an important role in shaping and facilitating migration.
Contemporary migrations
- High-skilled professionals and low-skilled workers
- Seasonal migrants
- Family members
- International students
- Refugees
- Gap-year holiday-makers – long-term tourists
- Retirement migration
- Returnees (former migrants who return to their origin country)
- Re-migrants (after return or from one destination country to another)
A lot of mobility, trying to capture them with labels. Large amount of circulation.
Four types of visas
- Free movement
- Work
- Family
- Humanitarians/others
Migration categories
- Categories should describe ‘a set of characteristics that are innate or defining features of a
theoretically distinct population group’
o Is ‘work’ an innate feature of people who migrate to work?
o Is ‘refugee’ an innate feature of people who are fleeing a war?
- Assumption with categories
o Do people only have one migration motive? most of the time multiple reasons
o Do people’s trajectories change over time? first moving for study, than for career,
than you stay because you fall in love
, Migration categories in public debates
- Refugee crisis vs. migrant crisis deservingsness (refugees need a safe place to stay) and
undeservingness (no humanitarian crisis)
- Highly skilled vs. low skilled desirability and undesirability (but still necessary)
Migration discourses, migration policies and their effectiveness
The effectiveness of migration policies:
- The state has lost its ability to control migration discourses of tough border controls,
incresasingly restrictive immigration policies, but migration continues
- The state faces constraints in imposing highly restrictive migration policies, but it continues
to regulate and control people’s movement human rights protection and globalization
forces constrain, but state is able to set preferences, e.g. highly skilled and decline low skilled
migrants
Unresolved issue
- Contested effectiveness of policies reveals a limited theoretical and empirical understanding
of 1) the determinants of international migration and 2) the role of states and policies
Policy gaps
Distinguishing migration policy effectiveness and effects
What are immigration policies?
Immigration policies are the ‘rules that national states define and implement with the objective of
affecting the volume, origin, direction, and internal composition of immigration flows’
Emigration policies are the same as above, but with the aim to affect emigration flows
Demig policy
Are they really becoming increasingly restrictive?
No, there is no growing restrictiveness. Today’s policies are not very restrictive. But there is a
tendency to introduce policy changes that are gradually more restrictive.
Changing selection?
- Growing complexity of policies decreasing numbers of generic migration policies targeting
all migrants, creation of new migrant categories by policy makers
What are the effects of migration policies?
Not talking about effectiveness of policies. Rather, what are the effects of the policies. There are
mixed findings:
- Hatton: tougher asylum policies had a deterrent effect, but the decline in applications was
also due to the reduction in conflicts in origin countries. Could be policies, but also the
conflicts
- Ortega and Peri: the liberalization of Canadian policies between 1985 and 2005 led to
increased immigration by 25 to 54 percent. However, perhaps policies in other countries had
concurrently become more strict? Policy of Canada or another policy?
Migration substitution effects
Migration may generate unintended and unexpected migration effects, or migration substitution
effects:
1. Categorical substitution effect migrate as family member or regularly, jumping effect
2. Spatial substitution effect waterbed effect, shift the country because country B allows you
to go the country A
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