HESI RN ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL EXAM
LATEST 2024/2025 DETAILED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A++
Marasmus - ANSWER Severe protein and calorie deficiency characterized
by low heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, dull hair, and
emaciated appearance.
Kwashiorkor - ANSWER Severe protein deficiency characterized by hair
discoloration, enlarged liver, and pitting edema.
Protein-calorie malnutrition - ANSWER Loss of lean tissues and muscle
mass caused by inadequate protein and calorie intake, resulting in skeletal
muscle loss and diarrhea.
Right-sided heart failure - ANSWER Peripheral edema, jugular vein
distention, and hepatomegaly due to the inability of the right ventricle to
adequately pump blood.
Left-sided heart failure - ANSWER Pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and
decreased cardiac output due to the inability of the left ventricle to
adequately pump blood.
Diastolic dysfunction - ANSWER Reduced ability of the heart to fill during
diastole, leading to heart failure; often caused by conditions such as
myocardial hypertrophy and hypertension.
Acute myocardial infarction - ANSWER Most common cause of left-sided
heart failure, characterized by sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart
muscle.
Diffuse glomerulonephritis - ANSWER Inflammation of the glomeruli in both
kidneys, affecting all parts of the glomeruli.
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis - ANSWER Inflammation of the
glomeruli following a streptococcal infection, characterized by hematuria,
proteinuria, and edema.
,Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER Condition characterized by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia.
Cirrhosis - ANSWER Late stage of liver disease characterized by diffuse
liver fibrosis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, and portosystemic
shunts.
Portal hypertension - ANSWER Increased pressure in the portal vein
system due to obstruction of blood flow, leading to the formation of
collateral circulation and portosystemic shunts.
Tension pneumothorax - ANSWER Life-threatening condition caused by
trapped air in the pleural space, leading to lung collapse and mediastinal
shift.
Esophageal varices - ANSWER Dilated veins in the esophagus due to
portal hypertension, which can lead to life-threatening bleeding.
Thyroid storm - ANSWER Extreme and life-threatening form of
thyrotoxicosis, characterized by high fever, tachycardia, and severe CNS
effects.
Glucocorticoid - ANSWER Steroid hormone that regulates glucose
metabolism and suppresses the immune response.
Adrenal insufficiency - ANSWER Condition characterized by decreased
production of adrenal hormones, leading to fatigue, weight loss, and
hypoglycemia.
CD4+ TH1 cells - ANSWER T cells that control and coordinate host
defenses against intracellular pathogens.
Intracellular pathogen infection - ANSWER Infection caused by pathogens
that reside and replicate within host cells, such as viruses and certain
bacteria.
Passive immunity - ANSWER Short-term protection against infectious
disease provided by the injection of antibodies from another individual.
,Pattern theory - ANSWER Pain theory proposing that different activity
patterns of the same neurons can be used to signal painful or nonpainful
stimuli.
Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway - ANSWER Pathway through
which proprioceptive information from stretch-sensitive receptors in the skin
is processed and transmitted to the CNS.
a. positive feedback - ANSWER An initial disturbance in a system sets off a
chain of events that does not favor stability and often abruptly displaces a
system from its steady state: what is that?
a. Positive Feedback
b. Negative Feedback
c. Disease
d. Homeostasis
b. gums - ANSWER What organ shrinks with age?
a. Prostate
b. Gums
c. Heart
d. All of the above
d. there is less thirst perception in the elderly - ANSWER Which of the
following is true?
a. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult
b. The elderly have better temperature sensations
c. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person
d. There is less thirst perception in the elderly
c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men - ANSWER Which of the
following is true?
a. Women snore more than men
b. Men have higher calcium levels
c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men
d. Men have a lower creatinine level than women
b. Acclimatization - ANSWER An increase in normal adaptive response to
the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude is termed which?
, a. Circadian
b. Acclimatization
c. Population
d. Diurnal
d. Iatrogenic - ANSWER What does it mean when the cause of the disease
is unwanted medical treatment?
a. Idiopathic
b. Ecogenetic
c. Genotypical
d. Iatrogenic
d. Neonatal - ANSWER Which term is used for the first two months of life?
a. Infancy
b. Childhood
c. Prenatal
d. Neonatal
d. Sign - ANSWER Which is an objectively identifiable aberration of the
disease?
a. Symptom
b. Syndrome
c. Stage
d. Sign
c. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine - ANSWER Which of the
following is true regarding catecholamines?
a. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system
b. They cross the blood brain barrier
c. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. They cause of decrease in heart rate
b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain
perception - ANSWER Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation
b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain
perception
c. Epinephrine and cortisol act very differently
d. Cortisol negates epinephrine's activity
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