CHAPTER 44 AP BIO TEST
PREPARATION, CAMPBELL BIOLOGY:
CHAPTER 42 TEST PREPARATION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly
placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because
A) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions.
B) it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate.
C) the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the
fresh water.
D) its contractile vacuoles ruptured.
E) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize. - Answer-B) it was so
hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate.
Organisms categorized as Osmo conformers are most likely
A) found in freshwater lakes and streams.
B) marine.
C) amphibious.
D) found in arid terrestrial environments.
E) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture. - Answer-B) marine.
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________
environment.
A) hyperosmotic; freshwater
B) isotonic; freshwater
C) hyperosmotic; saltwater
D) isoosmotic; saltwater
E) hypoosmotic; saltwater - Answer-D) isoosmotic; saltwater
Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are
A) hyperosmotic.
B) hypoosmotic.
C) isoosmotic.
D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic.
E) hypoosmotic and isoosmotic. - Answer-C) isoosmotic.
The fluid with the highest osmolarity is
A) distilled water.
B) plasma in birds.
C) plasma in mammals.
D) seawater in a tidal pool.
,E) estuarine water. - Answer-D) seawater in a tidal pool.
Birds that live in marine environments and thus lack access to fresh drinking water
A) osmoregulate without using a transport epithelium for this purpose.
B) drink seawater and secrete excess ions through their kidneys only.
C) drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands.
D) have plasma that is isoosmotic to ocean water.
E) obtain water by eating only osmoregulating prey. - Answer-C) drink seawater and
secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands.
Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,
A) by migrating to freshwater rivers to drink fresh water.
B) via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater.
C) via active transport of water across the cells on their gills.
D) by water diffusion from seawater, which is hyperosmotic to the fluids in their cells.
E) by selective transport of water molecules across the wall of the gut. - Answer-B) via
osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater.
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead
A) will thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life.
B) will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion
ingestion.
C) will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload.
D) will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst.
E) will risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours. - Answer-B) will excrete more water
molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion.
Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via
A) loss of water through the gills.
B) gain of salt through the gills.
C) loss of water in the urine.
D) no drinking of water.
E) gain of water through food. - Answer-E) gain of water through food.
Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so
they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks
osmoregulate at least partially by
A) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts.
B) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins.
C) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to
seawater osmolarity.
D) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside
cells.
E) possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily
high salt concentration. - Answer-C) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance
internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity.
,The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed
accidentally in saltwater would likely show that
A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ
failure.
B) high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse.
C) the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this
hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis.
D) the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a
resulting asphyxiation.
E) brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic
environment, leading to death by loss of autonomic function. - Answer-A) loss of water
by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure.
Urea is produced in the
A) liver from NH₃ and CO₂.
B) liver from glycogen.
C) kidneys from glucose.
D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids.
E) bladder from uric acid and H₂O. - Answer-A) liver from NH₃ and CO₂.
Urea is
A) insoluble in water.
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia.
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds.
E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. - Answer-C) the
primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?
A) ammonia
B) ammonium ions
C) urea
D) uric acid - Answer-D) uric acid
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include
A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
B) lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment.
C) lots of seawater, such as a marine mammal (e.g., a polar bear).
D) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets.
E) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats. - Answer-A) lots of
fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
Among vertebrate animals, urea
A) is made in the kidneys and immediately excreted.
B) is added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide.
, C) is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide.
D) is made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for
excretion.
E) is rarely the nitrogenous waste of choice. - Answer-C) is made in the liver by
combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide.
The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is
A) ammonia.
B) ammonium.
C) urea.
D) uric acid. - Answer-D) uric acid.
Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to
A) a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs.
B) a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation.
C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints.
D) the absence of urea in the urine.
E) osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging. - Answer-C) gout, a painful
inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints.
Ammonia
A) is soluble in water.
B) can be stored in the body as a precipitate.
C) has low toxicity relative to urea.
D) is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea.
E) is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects. - Answer-A) is soluble in water.
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
A) urea can be exchanged for Na+.
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia.
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia.
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient.
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body. - Answer-B) urea is less toxic than ammonia.
The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is
A) ammonia.
B) nitrate.
C) nitrite.
D) urea.
E) uric acid. - Answer-E) uric acid.
Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?
A) amino acids
B) urea
C) uric acid
D) ammonia
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