NUR 265 Exam 1 questions fully
solved & updated 2024-2025
What is nephrotic syndrome? - answer A condition of increased
glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass
through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? - answer -*Massive
proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater
than what? - answer 3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? - answer -
immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney
function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI - answer creatinine x 1.5 of normal,
and GFR reduced by 25%
,Describe the "injury" stage for AKI - answer creatinine x2 & GFR
reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI - answer creatinine x3 normal, &
GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. - answer Decreased perfusion
to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. - answer Tissue damage to
the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. - answer Obstruction that
occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
, How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - answer
Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? - answer 65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? - answer -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? -
answer Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than
input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? - answer -Low
protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion
problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? - answer -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? - answer Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? - answer •Metallic taste in
mouth
•Anorexia
solved & updated 2024-2025
What is nephrotic syndrome? - answer A condition of increased
glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass
through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? - answer -*Massive
proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater
than what? - answer 3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? - answer -
immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney
function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI - answer creatinine x 1.5 of normal,
and GFR reduced by 25%
,Describe the "injury" stage for AKI - answer creatinine x2 & GFR
reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI - answer creatinine x3 normal, &
GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. - answer Decreased perfusion
to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. - answer Tissue damage to
the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. - answer Obstruction that
occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
, How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - answer
Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? - answer 65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? - answer -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? -
answer Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than
input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? - answer -Low
protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion
problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? - answer -HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? - answer Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? - answer •Metallic taste in
mouth
•Anorexia
