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FGCU Biology 2- Final Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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FGCU Biology 2- Final Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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FGCU Biology 2- Final Exam withcomplete solutions 2024/2025
Aristotle - ANSWER- Scala Naturae- linear system
Judeo- Christian perspective - ANSWER- The Creator: God made everything
Linnaeus - ANSWER- Binomial nomenclature and nested classification system
Cuvier - ANSWER- fossils in strata- catastrophism
Hutton and Lyell - ANSWER- gradualism and uniformitarianism- change via
cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes
Malthus - ANSWER- over production of offspring and the struggle to survive
Lamarck - ANSWER- first hypothesis on evolution: use and disuse, and
inheritance of acquired characteristics
decent with modification - ANSWER- passing traits from parent to offspring
natural selection - ANSWER- the process whereby organisms better adapted to
their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring (acts on
individuals but populations evolve)
homology - ANSWER- same or similar relation
biogeography - ANSWER- the branch of biology that deals with the geographical
distribution of plants and animals
,convergent evolution - ANSWER- unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve
similar body forms, coloration, organs, and adaptations
fossils - ANSWER- the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved
in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock
population - ANSWER- group of the same species in given place and time that
can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, smallest unit of evolution
gene pool - ANSWER- consists of all alleles for all loci (specific location of gene
on chromosome) in a population
allele frequency - ANSWER- measure of relative frequency of an allele on a
genetic locus in a population (usually expressed as percentage)
Hardy-Weinberg Eqilibrium - ANSWER- 1. no mutation
2. natural selection not occurring
3. population is large
4. random mating
5. no gene flow
Hardy-Weingberg equation - ANSWER- p^2+2pq+q^2=1
p & q= homozygous
2pq= heterozygous
mutations - ANSWER- random change in nucleotide sequence of DNA that can be
beneficial, neutral, or harmful
gene flow - ANSWER- transfer between populations
genetic drift - ANSWER- random changes in gene frequencies of small
populations from generation to generation
bottleneck effect - ANSWER- population undergoes drastic size reduction as a
result of chance events
founder effect - ANSWER- a few individuals are isolated from a larger population
adaptive evolution - ANSWER- beneficial alleles "sorted" and favored by natural
selection
, stabilizing selection - ANSWER- favors intermediates
directional selection - ANSWER- favors single phenotype
disruptive selection - ANSWER- favors extremes
speciation - ANSWER- origin of new species
macroevolution - ANSWER- evolutionary change at or above species level over
long periods of time
microevolution - ANSWER- change of allele frequencies in a population over time
allopatric speciation - ANSWER- gene flow interrupted or reduced when
population divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
sympatric speciation - ANSWER- occurs in geographically overlapping
populations
adaptive radiation - ANSWER- rapid and frequent allopatric speciation following
geographic and reproductive isolation
pre-zygotic barriers - ANSWER- prior to fertilization
1. habitat isolation
2. temporal isolation
3. behavioral isolation
4. mechanical isolation
5. gametic isolation
post-zygotic - ANSWER- 1. reduced hybrid viability (impaired development or
survival)
2. reduced hybrid fertility (sterile offspring)
3. hybrid breakdown (first generation fertile but later generations fail)
hybrid - ANSWER- closely related species meet, mate, and produce offspring with
mixed ancestry
hybrid reinforcement - ANSWER- reproductive barriers strengthen, fewer hybrids
hybrid fusion - ANSWER- reproductive barriers weaken, 2 species fuse
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