Adult development and ageing Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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Course
Adult Development and Aging
Institution
Adult Development And Aging
Adult development and ageing Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
The biopsychosocial model - answera view of aging as a complex interaction between
biological, psychological and sociocultural processes:
o Biological: physiological factors, genetics
o Psychological: cognition, emotions, persona...
Adult development and ageing Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
The biopsychosocial model - answer✔a view of aging as a complex interaction between
biological, psychological and sociocultural processes:
o Biological: physiological factors, genetics
o Psychological: cognition, emotions, personality
o Social: social context, history, culture
Gerontology - answer✔the scientific study of the aging process; an interdisciplinary field
Four principles of aging: - answer✔o Change is continuous over the lifespan - hence people
remain the same even as they change, which should also be reflected in healthcare treatment.
o Only the survivors grow old - hence aging individuals are increasingly self-selected; based on
the survivor principle; this means that the group that is old people is only a subgroup in the
young population
o Individuality matters - within and between age groups; do intragroup differences magnify
because the age span between individuals increases?
o Normal aging is different from disease - the process looks different for the two
Five ways to shorten your life: - answer✔o Being overweight
o Not eating enough fruit/vegetables
o Not enough physical exercise
Inter-individual differences - answer✔differences between people (also in different age
groups). E.g. hippocampus size can be more similar between a 70yo and a 20yo than two 70yo's.
Intra-individual differences - answer✔the processes within a single person develop at different
paces.
Multidirectionality - answer✔processes can develop simultaneously in many different
directions within the same person
Stages of ageing - answer✔o Primary/normal aging - the normal changes over time that occur
due to universal, intrinsic, and progressive alterations in the body's systems.
o Secondary/impaired aging - changes over time leading to impairment due to disease rather than
normal aging
o Tertiary aging - towards the very end of life; rapid loss of function across multiple areas of
functioning; due to the organism reaching its limit
Optimal ageing - answer✔age-related changes that improve the individual's functioning; e.g.
acquiring wisdom. May counter the psychological/physical toll of aging.
Emerging adulthood - answer✔the first years of being an adult (however you define it), which
includes a transition prior to assuming the full responsibilities associated with adulthood.
Common subgroups of the "old" (above 65) population: - answer✔o Young-old (65-74)
o Old-old (75-84)
o Oldest-old (85+)
o Centenarians (100+)
o Supercentenarians (110+)
Types of age: - answer✔Social age
Psychological age
Biological age
Functional age
Chronological age
Chronological age - answer✔age in number of years; a shifty definition
Functional age - answer✔how people perform
Biological age - answer✔the state of an individual's bodily systems
Psychological age - answer✔cognitive performance (e.g. memory, reaction time, learning
ability, intelligence)
Social age - answer✔where you are compared to the "typical" ages of certain positions in life
(e.g. grandfather, house-owner, high school student, etc.)
Personal ageing - answer✔changes that occur within the individual due to time's passing and its
subsequent influence on the body's functioning and structure.
Social ageing - answer✔the effect of a person's exposure to a changing environment
Normative age-graded influences - answer✔lead people to choose experiences that their culture
and historical period attach to certain ages or points in the life span.
Normative history-graded influences - answer✔events that occur to everyone within a certain
culture or geopolitical unit (regardless of age) and include large-scale occurrences, such as world
Health expectancy - answer✔the number of years a person can expect to live in good health and
with relatively little disability if current mortality and morbidity rates persist.
Compression of morbidity - answer✔to make the time of serious illness between death as short
as possible; a way to ease the burden of increased lifespan expectancy.
The lifespan perspective - answer✔views development as continuous from childhood through
old age.
Contextual influences on development - answer✔the effects of race, gender, sex, social class,
religion, ethnicity and culture.
Developmental science - answer✔is gradually replacing the term developmental psychology as
the focus continues to incorporate more than the psychological aspect of aging.
Models for nature vs nurture (3): - answer✔o Organismic model - heredity drives the course of
development over the lifetime
o Mechanistic model - behavior changes radically over times, in response to external forces that
require adaptation
o Interactionist model - environment and individual influence each other
Reciprocity in development - answer✔people both influence and are influenced by events in
their lives.
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