Exam (elaborations)
CCBC Nursing 160- Exam 2 Prep Study Guide
- Course
- Institution
CCBC Nursing 160- Exam 2 Prep Study Guide ...
[Show more]
Content preview
CCBC Nursing 160- Exam 2 PrepStudy Guide
What is the concept defined as the physical and chemical processes the body uses to
maintain itself through catabolism and anabolism (build up versus break down)? -
Answer Metabolism
Do alterations in metabolic function affect every system in the body? - Answer YES, it's
systemic!
Examples:
1. Nutrition: glucose control, how your diet can also affect thyroid.
2. Elimination: diarrhea or constipation with thyroid disorders.
3. Infection: when protein production is disrupted it increases the risk for infection.
4. Mobility: neuropathy with diabetes.
5. Sensory Perception: again, neuropathy and retinopathy with diabetes.
Why is the Endocrine System important? - Answer The endocrine system is essential to
the body's metabolic functioning and its adaptation to the changing environment.
Which gland of the endocrine system is considered the "master gland" because of the
influence it has on secretions of hormones by OTHER endocrine glands? - Answer The
pituitary gland!
It's located on the inferior aspect of the brain and is divided into two lobes: the anterior
and posterior pituitary.
What controls the pituitary gland? - Answer The hypothalamus.
What are the various other anatomic structures involved in metabolic function? - Answer
1. Thyroid gland
2. Islets cells of the Pancreas
3. Adrenal Glands
4. Parathyroid Gland
5. Gonads: Testes and Ovaries
What are the chemical messengers in the body that cause a specific action? - Answer
,HORMONES!
They are always present in varying amounts based on needs that change with changes
in the environment
What should be included in the nursing assessment in regards to Metabolism? - Answer
1. *Height and weight*: ex, can be affected by growth hormone.
2. *Fat distribution*: ex, Cushings where fat is moved tp specific areas of the body such
as the face and between the shoulders (cause a hump-like appearance).
3. *Immunosuppression*.
4. *Vital Signs*.
4. *Musculoskeletal anomalies*: ex, acromegaly (a long-term condition in which there is
too much growth hormone and the body tissues get larger over time).
5. *Head, face, neck anomalies*.
6. *Skin, nail, and hair changes*: ex, with Hypothyroidism skin, nail, and hair changes
common with women over 40 (30% affected).
What system alterations should the nurse expect to see during their assessment in
regards to metabolic disorders? - Answer 1. *Neuro changes*: ex, lack of
thermoregulation (body temp control).
2. *Cardiovascular changes*: ex, diabetes can lead to a narrowing of the blood vessels.
3. *GI disturbances*.
4. *GU disturbances*.
5. *Reproductive problems*.
What are the risk factors related to metabolic disorders? - Answer 1. *Age*: ex, anyone
over 50 is more prone to *ALL METABOLIC DISORDERS*.
2. *Gender*: most metabolic disorders more common with FEMALES.
3. *Heredity*: ex, diabetes and thyroid disorders.
4. *Weight*: can be a BIG hint that a metabolic disorder is present.
5. *Environmental exposures*: ex, radiation exposure can damage thyroid function (and
also can increase likelihood of thyroid cancer).
6 *Autoimmune disruption*: ex, Graves Disease (an autoimmune disorder that leads to
overactivity of the thyroid gland: hyperthyroidism) or Hashimoto's (chronic thyroiditis
that causes swelling/inflammation of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced
thyroid function: hypothyroidism).
,7. *Ethnicity/Race*: ex, incidence of certain disorders is increased with particular
ethnicities such as African American WOMEN being at a higher risk for diabetes.
What are some lifespan considerations that affect an individuals' metabolic functioning?
- Answer 1. *Gerontological Changes*: ex, weight gain, fatigue, thinning hair (thyroid
and sex hormone issue) and cognition changes (irritability).
2. *Changes in Children and Adolescents*: ex, "Precocious Puberty" where sexual and
physical characteristics happen earlier than normal (indicates something is wrong with
the sex hormones: prior to age 8 for girls and 9 for boys), Hyperpituitarism
(hypersecretion of pituitary hormones) can lead to gigantism, and increased weight gain
with children can lead to an increased occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes (80% of children
who are overweight WILL develop Type 2).
What is Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer A chronic metabolic disease characterized by
INCREASED levels of blood glucose as a result of defects in insulin *secretion* and
insulin *action*.
Why has the incidence of diabetes increased in recent years? - Answer Because people
as a whole are getting larger (for Type 2 diabetes) and less mobile.
What is the KEY to decreasing the *incidence* of Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer Prevention
(identify symptoms early).
What is the key to limiting the *cost* of treatment for Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer
Containment of complications! (achieving and maintaining meticulous blood glucose
control: the challenging part for both the nurse and the patient)
It's time to get in depth about the *pancreas*! What is the function of the pancreas in
regards to blood glucose regulation? How does it work? - Answer The pancreas is one
of the major organs of the body. It has both exocrine (produces sodium bicarbonate and
digestive pancreatic enzyme) and endocrine (produces hormones; insulin, glucagon,
somatostatin) function.
The endocrine function of the pancreas focuses on its special group of cells known as
the *Islets of Langerhans*. The Islets of Langerhans has three distinct types of cell, the
alpha, the beta, and the delta cells:
1. *Alpha Cells*
The alpha cells secrete *glucagon*. One of the major actions of glucagon is it
*stimulates the liver to convert glycogen (stored glucose) and amino acids to glucose*
when blood glucose is *LOW*. The secretion of glucagon is actually a regulatory
mechanism wherein it is released once the body transmits negative feedback in cases of
low blood sugar level. This is an automatic response. *In cases that blood glucose level
is on its desired level or exceeds the normal level, glucagon secretion stops*. (Alpha
Cells--Glucagon--Increase BG)
2. *Beta Cells*
, The beta cells secrete *insulin*. Insulin has two major functions in response to blood
glucose concentration. First, it *counters the effects of glucagon* by stimulating the
liver to convert glucose to glycogen (stimulates the liver to STORE gluocse) and inhibits
the conversion of other non-carbohydrates like amino acid to glucose. Second, *it
facilitates the diffusion of glucose into the cells* through insulin receptors. Insulin
secretion is also regulated by a negative feedback by the body to respond when the
blood glucose is *HIGH*. (Beta Cells--Insulin--Decrease BG)
3. *Delta Cells*
The delta cells secrete *somatostatin*. Somatostatin is released by the delta cells to
help regulate carbohydrates by *inhibiting the secretion of glucagon* (Delta
Cells--Somatostatin--Decrease BG)
*In the pancreas, the low blood sugar level in the b
What is happening in the pancreas with Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer With Diabetes
Mellitus, the *beta cells (those which secrete insulin)* fail to release what is required
while the *alpha cells (those which secrete glucagon in response to low blood sugar)*
are either normal or hyperactivated.
As the insulin production cannot cope up with the production of glucagon, the blood
glucose level remains above normal. Also, this is aggravated by constant carbohydrates
and protein intake.
*Therefore with diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin (type 1 diabetes)
or the body can't respond normally to the insulin that is made (type 2 diabetes). This
causes glucose levels in the blood to rise (hyperglycemia)*.
What are the 3 P's of Hyperglycemia? - Answer 1. Polyuria: frequent urination.
2. Polydipsia: excessive thirst.
3. Polyphagia: excessive hunger.
What is a common physical characteristic of a patient with hyperglycemia? - Answer
"Fruity" breath smell.
How does diabetes affect the vessels of the body? - Answer Diabetes damages ALL
vessels and starts with the smallest ones.
Examples: the eye vessels (retinopathy), vessels in the kidneys (nephropathy), and the
small nerves (neuropathy).
How do the different types of Diabetes classifications vary? - Answer They vary by
CAUSE, CLINICAL COURSE, and TREATMENT.
What are the different classifications of Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer 1. *Type 1
Diabetes*: once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a *chronic
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Zayla. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now