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CEN Exam Study Guide | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+)
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CEN Exam Study Guide | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+)
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CEN Exam Study Guide | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025(Graded A+)
Contractility - ✔✔Strength of myocardial contraction. Affected by preload, afterload,
electrolytes, myocardial oxygenation, functional myocardium, and inotropic medications.
Preload - ✔✔Volume of blood resulting in pressure or stretch of ventricles during diastole. Affected by
the amount of venous return to the heart. Increased by peripheral venous constriction, shock, admin
of excess IV fluids, blood products, or renal failure.
decreased preload - ✔✔Decreased intervascular volume
Hemorrhage
Vomiting
Diaphoresis
Third spacing
Diarrhea
Redistribution of blood flow
Vasodilators
Increased preload - ✔✔Alpha-adrenergic
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Med-High dose dopamine
Afterload - ✔✔Resistance to ventricular emptying during systole
Afterload increasing factors - ✔✔Vasoconstrictions or mechanical obstruction of ventricular outflow.
Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
HTN
Hypothermia
,Compensatory mechanisms associated with shock
Afterload decreasing factors - ✔✔Hyperthermia
Distributive shock
Vasodilators
Normal cardiac output for adults - ✔✔4-8 L/min
Normal stroke volume for adults - ✔✔50-100mL/beat
Normal HR for adults - ✔✔60-90 bpm
Normal BP for adults - ✔✔120/80
Normal Cardiac output for children - ✔✔1.3-3L/min
Normal Stroke Volume for children - ✔✔15-30mL/beat
normal HR for toddler - ✔✔80-130 bpm
normal HR for school age - ✔✔75-100 bpm
Normal BP for children (older than 1 year) - ✔✔90+ (age x 2)=SBP
Normal Central venous pressure for adults - ✔✔4-10mm Hg
Normal central venous pressure for children - ✔✔2-6 mm Hg
, Normal cardiac output for infants/neonates - ✔✔0.8-1.3 L/min
Normal stroke volume for Infants/Neonates - ✔✔5-13 mL/beat
Normal BP for infants 0-1 month - ✔✔above 60mm Hg
Normal BP for infants 1-12 months - ✔✔above 70mm Hg
Normal central venous pressure for infants - ✔✔0-8 mmHg
Alpha-1 - ✔✔Stimulation causes peripheral vascular constriction
Beta-2 - ✔✔Stimulation causes bronchial smooth muscle dilation
ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin
II *prils (Lisinopril)
ARB - ✔✔Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (sartan)
Calcium channel blockers - ✔✔Negative Ino, Chrono, Dromo (weak, slow, blocks
conduction) *-zems, -dipines, -isotopin
Beta Blockers - ✔✔Negative Ino, Chrono, and Dromo effects. Cardio and Non-cardio
selective *olol
ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Reduce afterload associated w/HF
Pregnancy class D
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