CCJ 4700 Exam 1 Questions With Correct
Answers
• 2 sources of agreement reality - answerTradition and Authority
• Errors in personal inquiry and their solutions - answerInaccurate observation (sol: scientific
obs), overgeneralization (sol: high value of large samples and replication - repea...
• 2 sources of agreement reality - answer✔Tradition and Authority
• Errors in personal inquiry and their solutions - answer✔Inaccurate observation (sol: scientific
obs), overgeneralization (sol: high value of large samples and replication - repeating a study,
checking to see whether similar results are obtained each time), selective observation (sol:
specify in advance the number and kind of observations to be made), illogical reasoning,
ideology and politics (sol: stay objective)
• 4 purposes of research - answer✔Exploration, description, explanation, application
• 2 types of support that must present before scientists can agree on the reality of something -
answer✔Logical and Empirical
• Gambler's fallacy - answer✔- An illustration of illogic in day-to-day reasoning
- According to this fallacy, a consistent run of good or bad luck is presumed to foreshadow its
opposite.
• Type I and Type II error - answer✔Type I error - conclude a relationship exists when in fact it
doesn't
Type II error - conclude there is no relationship when in fact there is one
• Theory - definition - answer✔A set of interconnected statements or propositions that explain
how two or more events or factors are related to one another
• formal vs substantive theory - answer✔- Substantive theory is developed for a specific area of
social concern. If you want to study, test, or develop substantive theory, you can examine cases
within the same substantive area. For example, you could observe several different gangs, but
not attempt to say something about delinquency in general. It could be thought of as shared
theories among experts in a certain subfield.
- Formal theory is developed for a broad conceptual area in general theory. If you want to study,
test, or develop general theory, you can compare cases within the same formal area. For
example, to study crime, you could examine various forms of crime (e.g., property, violent,
white collar, drugs) without paying too much attention to the details of each form.
• Hypothesis - definition - answer✔An explanation about the nature of things derived from a
theory. It's a statement of something that will be observed in the real world if the theory is
correct.
• 3 conditions that must be met in order for a statement to be considered a hypothesis -
answer✔Hypotheses have three parts:
1. Expectation about reality
2. Based on a theory
3. Testable
• Independent and dependent variables -Be able to identify them in a hypothesis. -
answer✔Independent variable (IV) - considered the "cause" in a cause-effect relationship;
variation in independent variables are independent/not associated with variation in other
variables (predictor variable)
Dependent variable (DV) - considered the "effect" in a cause-effect relationship; variation in
dependent variables are dependent/contingent upon variation in independent variables (thing
you're trying to predict)
• 4 different longitudinal designs - answer✔Time-series study - looks at changes within some
general population over time. (ex: UCR)
Panel study - observations made on the same set of people on two or more occasions (ex: NCVS)
Cohort study - examine more specific populations as they age over time. Typically, cohorts are
age groups.
Case study - one individual, follow up for many years, detailed information
• cross-sectional designs vs longitudinal designs - strengths and weaknesses of both -
answer✔> Cross-sectional
- Most common form of analysis
- "snapshot" at a given time point
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Brightstars. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
