CCJ 4700 - Exam 1 Questions With Correct
Answers
What are the two realities that explain how we know what we know? - answerExperiential -
direct experience
Agreement - what we've been told
What is tradition? Give an example. - answerThings that "everybody knows"
Ex: Driving on the left side o...
What are the two realities that explain how we know what we know? - answer✔Experiential -
direct experience
Agreement - what we've been told
What is tradition? Give an example. - answer✔Things that "everybody knows"
Ex: Driving on the left side of the road in the U.S. is dangerous
What is authority? Give an example. - answer✔Trusting the judgement of someone with special
expertise
Ex: You are more likely to believe a judge regarding your driver's license suspension than your
parents
Errors in Personal Human Inquiry - answer✔Inaccurate Observation - overcome by using
measurement devices
Overgeneralization - overcome by replicating the study to see if you get the same results
Selective Observation - specify in advance the number and types of observations
Purposes of Research - answer✔Explore - examine an issue or policy about which little is
known
Describe - observe and describe the scope of a problem or policy response
Explain - answer "why?"
Apply - Applied research is often used to evaluate the effects of specific criminal justice
programs
Two major types of applied research:
- Evaluation research
Comparing program goals to results
- Policy analysis Anticipate future consequences of alternative actions
Social Scientific Theory - answer✔Discovering what is, not what should be
- Cannot settle debates on value
- Problematic with evaluators
Ex: What constitutes a good parole officer?
Social science aims to find... - answer✔Patterns of regularity in social life created by norms,
rules, and observations
What kind of patterns do social regularities represent? - answer✔Probabilistic
What are more often the subject of social science research? - answer✔Aggregates
What does social science distinguish? - answer✔The difference between the activities criminal
justice researchers do from the daily routines of most criminal justice practitioners
Variables and Attributes - answer✔Theory is written in a variable language; people are the
carriers of those variables
Social science involves the study of these two concepts:
Attributes - Characteristics or qualities that describe some object such as a person
Ex: less than high school degree, high school degree, GED, some college, college degree, etc
Variables - Logical groupings of attributes
Definition of Causation
Ex of Independent Variable
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