GI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2024-
2025 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Terms in this set (59)
A manifestation of liver 1. clotting factor deficiency: bleeding, elevated PT
dysfunction is impaired (vitamin K related anemia).
protein synthesis. What are 2. hypoalbuminemia: edema, ascites.
the three phenomenons 3. inadequate antibody production. (immunoglobulin
related to that? = protein)
= unconjugated bilirubin
- elevated with increased RBC breakdown or impaired
liver uptake
- bound by albumin so not found in urine
(Bilirubin, the end product of heme catabolism, is
transported to the liver to be conjugated and
What is indirect bilirubin? excreted via the bile. Most of the bilirubin in blood is
in transit from the tissues to the liver, in the
unconjugated form, bound to albumin. Only small
amounts of conjugated bilirubin are normally found in
blood, and it is believed that the usual analytical
methods tend to overestimate it in the low reference
range. Bilirubin determinations are reported in two
fractions, the "conjugated" and the "total.")
= conjugated bilirubin
- elevated with impaired excretion of bilirubin from
What is direct bilirubin?
liver
- water soluble, so is found in urine
, unconjugated bilirubin --> liver --> conjugated
How is bilirubin
bilirubin --> gall bladder --> bile production in the
transported?
gallbladder to digest fat in the GI tract
- Bile
- some excreted in the stool (brown)
- Some reabsorbed into the blood stream
- very small amount, if any, excreted in the urine
(Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine.
How is bilirubin excreted?
- the yellow color of bruises
- the yellow color of urine (via its reduced breakdown
product, urobilin)
- the brown color of faeces (via its conversion to
stercobilin)
- the yellow discoloration in jaundice.)
conjugated bilirubin (hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis) .
If the liver gets fibrotic
In hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, high amounts of
and not working well
unconjugated bilirubin means the liver cells are not
which bilirubin level would
conjugating bilirubin normally, causing it to build up in
be elevated?
the blood (abnormal RBC breakdown).
If we have a plug so bile increased conjugated bilirubin. --> Jaundice
can't get out of the liver
(e.g. cholelithiasia), what (The liver converts ammonia to urea for excretion in
happened to bilirubin? the urine.)
1. prehapatic: increased indirect (unconjugated)
bilirubin.
What are the three causes
2. hepatocellular: e.g. ETOH, hepatitis that increase
for jaundice?
direct bilirubin
3. cholestatis/obstructive: increase direct bilirubin
When patient has - Stool: pale, white, clay because no bilirubin in the
cholelithiasia, what color stool.
of stool and urine would - dark urine because elevated direct bilirubin goes to
he have? the nephrons and excrete in the urine.
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