Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 1
Exam Study Guide.
Chemistry - answer✔The scientific discipline that treats the composition, properties, and
transformations of matter.
Matter - answer✔Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the
universe.
The Scientific Method - answer✔a) Observation
b) Hypothesis
c) Prediction
d) Experiments
e) Results
f) Conclusions
Hypothesis - answer✔A testable statement.
Example: Temperature effects enzyme activity
Scientific Theory - answer✔Broader in scope than a hypothesis. Summarizes a broad variety of
observations and experiments.
Examples:
Cell Theory- the theory that all living things possess one or more cells.
The Theory of Evolution- the theory that all life evolved from a common ancestor.
Property - answer✔A characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity.
Volume - answer✔Volume is a derived unit. It is length cubed.
Example: 1mL = 1cm^3 and 1L = 1m^3
Dependent and independent variable - answer✔Independent variable is on the x-axis (this is
what the scientist changes)
Element - answer✔A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
Atom - answer✔The smallest representative particle of an element.
Molecule - answer✔A chemical combination of two or more atoms. Example: Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
States of matter - answer✔The three forms that matter can assume: solid, liquid, and gas.
Gas - answer✔Matter that has no fixed volume or shape; it conforms to the volume and shape
of its container.
Liquid - answer✔Matter that has a distinct volume but no specific shape.
Solid - answer✔Matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume.
Pure substance - answer✔Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties. Either
elements or compounds are considered pure substances.
Example: NaCl, carbon, MgF2
Classification of Matter - answer✔
Compound - answer✔A substance composed of two ore more elements united chemically in
definite proportions.
Mixture - answer✔A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains
its own chemical identity.
Homogeneous mixture - answer✔Is mixture that has the same uniform appearance and
composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions.
Heterogeneous mixture - answer✔Is a mixture that composes of components that aren't uniform
or they have localized regions that all have different properties.
Law of constant composition - answer✔A law that states that the elemental composition of a
pure compound is always the same, regardless of its source; also called the law of definite
proportions.
Law of definite proportions - answer✔A law that states that the elemental composition of a
pure substance is always the same, regardless of its source; also called the law of constant
proportions.
Law of Multiple Proportions - answer✔When two elements form a compound, the ratio of the
mass of the second element and the mass of the first element will be small whole number ratios.
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