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CCBC Microbiology Unit 2 Exam Latest Update
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CCBC Microbiology Unit 2 ExamLatest Update
horizontal gene transfer - Answer A process in which an organism transfers genetic
material to another organism without being the offspring of that organism
horizontal gene transfer (HGT) occurs rapidly because - Answer it acquires large DNA
sequences from another bacterium in a single transfer
Mutation - Answer modification of gene function within a bacterium
mutation occurs - Answer slowly
most common HGT method - Answer conjugation
methods of HGT (3) - Answer conjugation;transformation;transduction
Transformation - Answer form of HGT where a DNA fragment from a dead/degraded
bacterium enters a competent recipient bacterium & is exchanged for a piece of DNA
recipient
transformation step 1: - Answer 1. DNA fragments are released from a dead degraded
bacterium and bind to DNA binding proteins on the surface of a competent living
recipient bacterium.
transformation step 2: - Answer Depending on the bacterium, either both strands of DNA
penetrate the recipient, or a nuclease degrades one strand of the fragment and the
remaining DNA strand enters the recipient.
transformation step 3: - Answer This DNA fragment from the donor is then exchanged
for a piece of the recipient's DNA by means of RecA proteins
Transduction - Answer transfer of a DNA fragment from one bacterium to another by a
bacteriophage
2 forms of transduction - Answer generalized and specialized
general transduction - Answer genetic recombination in which a DNA fragment is
transferred from 1 bacterium to another by a lytic or temperate bacteriophage that is
now carrying donor bacterial DNA due to an error in maturation during the lytic or
lysogenic life cycle
specialized transduction - Answer genetic recombination in which DNA fragment is
transferred from 1 bacterium to another by a temperate bacteriophage that is now
carrying donor bacterial DNA due to an error in spontaneous induction
, the error in spontaneous induction - Answer the prophage DNA is excised wrong & a
segment of bacterial DNA replicates as part of the bacteriophage's genome
the error in maturation during the lytic or lysogenic life cycle - Answer a bacteriophage
capsid assembles around a fragment of the donor bacterium's DNA or plasmid instead
of around a bacteriophage genome & carries that DNA to a recipient bacterium
conjugation - Answer genetic recombination in which there is a transfer of DNA from a
living donor bacterium to a living recipient bacterium by cell-to-cell contact
conjugation vs transformation (4 things) - Answer 1.) conjugation requires direct
cell-to-cell contact
2.) transformation uses DNA from dead/degraded bacterium & conjugation uses living
bacterium DNA
3.) the conjugating cells must generally be of opposite mating type; transformation deals
with homologous cells
4.) conjugating donor cells must carry the plasmid, and recipient cells usually do not.
transduction vs transformation - Answer transformation has error in maturation and
transduction has error in spontaneous induction
conjugation often involves a - Answer sex pilus
Conjugative transposons function (2) - Answer 1. carry the genes that enable mating
pairs to form for conjugation
2.enable mobilizable plasmids and nonconjugative transposons to be transferred to a
recipient bacterium during conjugation
these have promiscuous transfer systems that enable them to transfer DNA not only to
like species, but also to unrelated species - Answer conjugative plasmids and
conjugative transposons
conjugative plasmid has what genes - Answer tra genes & oriT genes
Mobilizable plasmids require a self-transmissible "helper" plasmid because they lack
which of the following? - Answer tra genes
conjugative plasmid - Answer A self-transmissible plasmid transmitted from one
bacterium to another by cell to cell
contact. It contains all the genetic information needed for transfer by conjugation.
mobilizable plasmids have what gene - Answer oriT genes
tra genes - Answer enable bacteria to form a mating pair with another organism
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