developmental biology - answer✔study of how animals/plants grow & develop through
adulthood
human development timeline - answer✔embryonic (everything forming) & fetal (growth)
steps of developmental processes - answer✔1) fusion of sperm/egg (fertilization)
2) cell division
3) generation of diverse cell types
4) tissue organization
5) post-embryonic development (fetal = growth)
steps of developmental processes: #2-cell division - answer✔-mitosis
-pluripotent (capable of giving rise to several diff. cell types)
pluripotent - answer✔cell ability to give rise to several diff. cell types
steps of developmental processes: #3-generation of diverse cell types - answer✔-cell goes from
undifferentiated to differentiated in two steps: specification (capable of differentiating
autonomously in neutral environment yet STILL capable of being reversed) -> determination
(capable of differentiating autonomously in neutral environment & assumption: irreversible)
specification - answer✔capable of differentiating autonomously in neutral environment yet still
capable of being reversed
conditional cell - answer✔dependent on interactions w/neighboring cells
determination example - answer✔lizard leg cut off = regeneration
steps of developmental processes: #4-tissue organization (patterning) - answer✔process that
makes higher order 3D structures in embryo
steps of developmental processes: #5-post-embryonic development - answer✔embryo -> fetus -
> adulthood
ex) metamorphosis/regeneration/growth to full size
Quail/Duck beak example: At which stage in the progression from "undifferentiated to
differentiated cell" were the pre-transplant neural crest cells? - answer✔determined
housekeeping genes - answer✔-genes that encode proteins w/roles in essential processes in all
cells of the body
-to keep basic functions of cell
ex) metabolism
toolkit genes - answer✔-genes that encode proteins w/roles in the formation & patterning of
body plan & body parts
ex) hox genes
signaling pathway genes - answer✔-mechanism of communication of one cell to another
-coordinate multiple cell actions responding to their microenvironment
transcription factors - answer✔regulate the expression/transcription of other genes during
development
housekeeping, transcription factor, or signaling protein?
-glycolysis: Gapdh is a gene involved in glycolysis that is expressed in all cells.
Gapdh = ? - answer✔Gapdh = housekeeping gene
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