EEB 2244 Final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Community Succession - answer✔The change that occurs in the structure and composition of
the community following a disturbance, which may lead back to pre-disturbance conditions
Disturbances - answer✔Events that remove organisms from a community (via mortality) and
open up space for new individuals
When did Connecticut have the least amount of forest cover?
A. 1550
B. 1650
C. 1750
D. 1850
E. 1950 - answer✔D
Successional Sequence in New England - answer✔- Abandoned fields
- First 2-5 years:
- annual weeds, ragweed, crabgrass
- perennial weeds, Aster, goldenrod
- perennial grasses, e.g. Andropogon
- Next 10 years:
- pitch pine, pasture juniper, gray birch
- Next 25 years:
- scrub oak, white pine, red cedar
- 100-250 years:
- oaks and hickories (on drier, warmer sites)
- maple, beech, hemlock, yellow birch (on cooler, moister sites)
Climax Community - answer✔- The final, "equilibrium" sere
- in most communities, because of periodic disturbances and recovery, the climax is a fleeting
(transient) sere in the overall dynamics
Primary Succession - answer✔- Community establishment and dynamics that occur on newly
formed habitats lacking plants or animals
- sand dunes, lava flow and new volcanoes, landslides, receding glaciers
Secondary Succession - answer✔- Changes in community composition and structure following
a disturbance
- fire, wind storms (tornadoes, hurricanes, etc.), floods, agriculture abandonment
Which of these ecologists advocated the view of communities as "superorganisms"?
A. Henry Gleason
B. Charles Elton
C. Henry Cowles
D. Frederick Clements
E) Alfred Lotka - answer✔D
Henry Cowles - answer✔- Studied succession on sand dunes along Lake Michigan (1899)
- "Space for time substitution"
- could predict how communities would change over time without actually waiting for the
pattern to unfold, which would have taken decades to centuries
F.E. Clements - answer✔- Believed plant communities are like "superorganisms," groups of
species working together toward some deterministic end
- thus, succession is similar to the development of an organism
Henry Gleason - answer✔- Communities are the random product of fluctuating environmental
conditions acting on individual species
- Communities are not the predictable and repeatable result of coordinated interactions among
species; each community is unique
The Connell-Slatyer Model: Facilitation - answer✔- Certain early "pioneer" species invade the
site and subsequently improve the conditions (facilitate) for later species, which in turn may out-
compete pioneers
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