Summary
Linguistics 3: English Syntax and Syntactic Argumentation Summary
- Course
- Institution
This is a summary of all lectures and readings of the course Linguistics 3 given at Leiden University.
[Show more]
1 review
By: rachelbrochus • 2 year ago
Seller
Follow
lotjevannorren
Reviews received
Content preview
LINGUISTICS 3; English Syntax and Syntactic ArgumentationChapter 1
Universal Grammar
- a theory developed by Noam Chomsky
- which says that Language (with a capital L) is:
- something all humans share
- is innate
- has rules
Principles
Principles: things that (as far as we know) happen in all human languages
- All languages can ...
- Caveat: as far as we know
- Not all human languages have been investigated
- And we don’t know about non-human languages (whale song)
Parameters
How languages differ
Linguistic competence vs. linguistic performance
Linguistic competence is someone’s knowledge of the language, whereas linguistic performance is the
ability of producing the language. Someone’s linguistic competence doesn’t necessarily reflects
someone’s linguistic performance.
Where is language?
In the left hemisphere of the brain. The left hemisphere controls the right-hand side of the body (and
vice versa). Some left-handed people have language on the right-hand side of their brain—but most do
not. The right hemisphere controls music and spatial relations. The left hemisphere controls
mathematics and language
Linguists are divided on the question whether humans have language because they have mathematics or
vice versa (see the works of Steven Pinker if you’re interested). Did Language take a free ride on
mathematics? -> Both are regulated by rules. They have a structure-dependency.
, Chapter 2
Most optimal structural representation
- Hierarchical relations between syntactic items (which parts belong together; constituency)
- What the relation is between the parts (complements; modifiers)
Evidence of levels in the NP
One-replacement: one replaces the intermediate level, N’
I like [NP this [N' blue Dutch tulip]] and you like that one.
I like [NP this blue [N' Dutch tulip]] and you like that red one.
I like [NP this blue Dutch [N' tulip]] and you like that red Turkish one.
Complement and modifier in the NP
- Complement is sister of N
- Modifier is sister of N’
- Same for other lexical phrases (VP, PP, AP)
Evidence of levels in the VP
Do so-replacement: do so replaces the intermediate level, V’
The woman [VP made a cake on Sunday] and the man did so too.
The woman [VP made a cake on Sunday] and the man did so on Monday.
* The woman [VP made a cake on Sunday] and the man did so a quiche on Monday.
Evidence of levels in the PP
Substitution by so
Anna was utterly in love.
Anna was [PP utterly in love ] and Tim was only partly so.
Evidence of levels in the AP
Substitution by so
Anna was very afraid of lions.
Anna was [AP very afraid of lions ], and Tim was less so.
C-command
A node (B) c-commands its sisters (C) and every node that its sisters dominate (D,
E, F, G)
, CHAPTER 3
X-bar theory
All syntactic phases are structured according to the same principles.
- This is called the X-bar theory of phrase structure
- In this representation, X can be any head (N, V, P, A)
- Complement, adjunct and specifier are phrases (YP, ZP, UP)
Ingredients of X-bar theory
- Every syntactic phrase has a head. / Every head projects a phrase
- All levels (X, X', XP) must be projected (no level can be skipped)
- The head X (may) take a complement phrase and they form an intermediate category (X')
- X' can be sister to a phrasal category, the specifier, and they form the phrase (XP)
- An adjuncts is sister to X' and together with that forms another X' level
Positions in a phrase
- Head
- The core of the phrase, which dictates what category it will be
- Complement
- Sister to the head & immediately dominated by X'
- Generally obligatory relative to a head in VPs and PPs (but not in APs/NPs)
- Adjunct
- Sister to an X' and immediately dominated by X'
- Optional (says something 'extra' about the element it modifies)
- Specifier
- Sister to an X' and immediately dominated by XP
- Gives more information about the head - makes it more “specific”
Recursion
Adjunct
These expensive beautiful blue Dutch tulips.
She made a cake on Sunday alone while listening to Ali B.
Complements and adjucts
Complements are adjacent to the head, adjuncts need not be
- a student of physics with long hair
- *a student with long hair of physics
- The dinosaur danced the tango on Saturday after the party.
- The dinosaur danced the tango after the party on Saturday.
- *The dinosaur danced after the party the tango on Saturday.
Complements and adjuncts cannot be coordinated
- *a student of physics and with short arms
Complements can be moved out of the NP, while adjuncts can’t:
- Which branch of physics is Jack a student of?
- *What kind of hair is Jack a student with?
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lotjevannorren. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $4.79. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53068 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now