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HPNU 3060 TEST 1 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
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HPNU 3060 TEST 1 WITHCOMPLETE SOLUTION
what ions are involved in action potentials? - Answer Na+ and K+
Graded potentials are - Answer Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
Action Potentials are - Answer "all-or-nothing" due to the interaction between the
voltage-gated sodium channels and the membrane potential
Speed of action potentials - Answer depends on Axon Length and Cross-sectional area
1. longer axon = higher resitance and slower electrical conduction
2. greater axon diameter = faster signal propagation (greater effect)
myelin is excellent insulator, preventing loss of electrical signal
amplitude of action potentials - Answer remains constant once it is generated,
regardless of the strength of the stimulus, provided the threshold is reached. The
amplitude of an action potential is approximately 100 mV
divergent pathways - Answer one presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger
number of postsynaptic neurons
convergent pathways - Answer many neurons converge and synapse with smaller
number of neurons
synaptic inhibition - Answer one inhibitory postsynaptic potential sums with two
excitatory postsynaptic potentials to prevent an action potential in the postsynaptic cell
gray matter - Answer a portion of the CNS consisting of cytons (cell bodies), their
dendrites and synaptic connections
white matter - Answer Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their
myelin sheaths.
energy source for the brain - Answer blood glucose
oxygen consumption - Answer The amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP (VO2)
CSF production and consumption - Answer choroid plexus and ependymal cells produce
csf, csf is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi and into the saggital sinus
Cranial Nerves - Answer 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
, Stages of sleep - Answer Alpha: awake but relaxing with eyes closed
-Waves slower than beta waves
Beta: high frequency and occur when person is alert or attending mental task that
requires concentration
Stage 1
Theta: Dozing off; slower frequencies and higher voltages
Stage 2
shows theta waves along with sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 and 4
Delta: low frequency, high voltage sleep wave; becomes difficult to rouse someone from
sleep
Types of memory - Answer procedural memory
sensory memory
working memory
short term memory
long term memory
STM and LTM are separate memory systems
implicit memory- responses influenced by experience, no awareness of remembering
explicit memory- intentional retrieval, semantic and episodic are the two types
semantic- facts and general knowledge
episodic- declarative memory, events
iconic memory- visual memory
echoic memory- auditory memory
*retrograde*- memory before event, going back in time
*anterograde*- memory after event, going forward in time
Types of memory loss - Answer Retrograde Amnesia: inability to retrieve narrative
memories from particular past period
Anterograde Amnesia: inability to transfer new information from short-term memory to
long-term memory (ex: failure of encoding of new declarative memories)
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