Acute kidney injury S/S - CORRECT ANSWERDevelop rapidly, oliguria, anuria,
increased serum level, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia
* may lead to chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney injury causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Progressive loss of function
associated with systemic disease
-Secondary
-Diabetes DM(most common), HTN, lupus, nephrotoxins
Chronic kidney injury S/S - CORRECT ANSWERHeadaches, decreased ability to
concentrate urine, Polyuria-> Oliguria, Increased BUN and serum creatinine, edema,
mild anemia, increased BP, weakness and fatigue, GFR progressively decreases from
90 to 30ml/min
Chronic kidney injury complications - CORRECT ANSWERProteinuria and angiotensin
II
-Fluid & electrolyte
-Bone loss
-Muscle mass
-Glucose intolerance
-Dyslipidemia
-Hypertension
-Fluid overload
-Anemia
-Immune suppression
-Neurologic dysfunction
-Gastritis
Negative feedback loop - CORRECT ANSWERSTOP
Ex of negative feedback loop - CORRECT ANSWERThyroid
, 1)Its cold outside
2)Hypothalamus detects cold blood - secretes TRH
3)Anterior pituitary is activated by TRH - secretes TSH
4)Thyroid is activated by TSH - secretes TH
5)TH activates target cells and metabolism is increased
6)Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary detect TH - inhibit secretion of TRH and TSH
What causes alterations in endocrine function? - CORRECT ANSWERMost common -
tumors
Target cell resistance
Congenital defects
Normal function of the Stomach - CORRECT ANSWERReservoir for food and fluid.
Breakdown and digest food released chemical enzymes. Gastric contents become
chyme. Releases food into small intestine.
Chemicals involved: pepsin, acid, and gastrin.
Normal function of the Small Intestine - CORRECT ANSWERAbsorption of food
occurs(nutrients)
-Folds up like an accordion
-Lactase
3 Parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Normal function of the Large Intestine(colon) - CORRECT ANSWERMaintaining fluid
and electrolyte balance.
-Resistant bacteria assist in breakdown of food
-Peristalsis
3 Parts: Ascending, transverse, descending
Normal function of the Gallbladder - CORRECT ANSWERStores and concentrates bile
to breakdown fat through bile duct into small intestine.
-Bile is made by bilirubin
Normal function of the Pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERReleases the most acidic
enzymes.
Exocrine: posterior to stomach
Endocrine: Hormones
3 enzymes: lipase, trypsin, amylase
Normal function of the Liver - CORRECT ANSWER-Makes protein
-Produces bile
-Stores sugar
-Removes dead RBC and free bilirubin
-Removes toxins from blood Ex: drugs and alcohol
-Called blood reservoir
-Synthesis cholesterol(to make hormones)
-Hepatocytes= "liver cells" which are the fastest regenerative cells.
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