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Summary of 5 pages for the course History at VWO / Gymnasium (-)
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History summary 4.1, 4.2 and 4.44.1 Before the Industrial Revolution (IR)
Many people in GB worked in the cottage industry = People work in their homes and
make products with their hand.
Causes of the IR:
1. Cotton from the colonies became popular.
2. People used spinning wheels and weaving looms, but demanded was too
highbusinessmen developed new big spinning machines drives by water
power.
4.1 Causes of the IR
3. Population growth because of better hygiene and medical knowledge.
4. Agricultural Revolution = more agricultural land with better breeding
methodsbetter livestock and harvests + new tools and fertilizermore
populationmore workers and more demand for products like clothes.
5. Great Britain had large coal and iron deposits.
4.1 Steam Engine
1700: Steam engine invented to pump water out of coal minesJames Watt
improves it so the steam engine can drive spinning and weaving machines +
locomotives.
Wood as a source for fuel and building material was mostly gone in GBcoal, and
iron replaced it. Coal is used for fires, iron is used for machines, railways and
bridges.
4.1 Consequences of the IR
Between 1750-1850 GB changed a lot:
1. Farming urban society(changes to) industrial society.
2. Cottage industrymass productions of the same products in factories.
3. Rural farms with castlesindustrial populated cities.
4. Air pollution and greenhouse gasesglobal warming.
5. Old country roadsbetter infrastructure.
4.2 Working in the factories
Wages were low so employees could make more profit. Men earned the most,
then women, then children.
Workdays were long.
Work was simple and constantly the same.
Unsafe: accidents happened a lot and you did not get money afterwards.
Air was dirty and machines loud.
Protestfired. The government did not help.
, 4.2 Living near a factory
Because there was no work on farms (machines) and a lot of work in factories,
people moved to the city = urbanization. There was little public transport (railways)
for people, but a lot for row materials. People lived near the factory:
- Rubbish rotted in the streets.
- Factories and no sewerpolluted air and water.
- Poor hygienediseases such as cholera make (child) mortality high.
4.2 Rich and poor
Manufactures, bankers & lawyers lived in the suburbs where the streets were
cleaner and hygiene was better. Rich children went to school.
Below them were the office workers and shopkeepers. The lowest group were the
factory workers: no school, children were neglected. At the end of the 19 th century
the authorities improved water pipes, drains, education and rubbish collection the
working class conditions improved.
Political groups
Group Idea
Liberals Democracy and economic
freedom.
Socialists Equal rights for rich and poor.
(communism)
Feminists Equal rights for women.
4.4 Socialism
Capitalism = when business owners are not restricted by laws and rules and make
profit from producing goods. These business owners wanted democracy and
economic freedomliberalism. They only wanted rich men to vote. As a reaction
Karl Marx invented socialism: he wanted equal rights for rich and poor people. Two
types of socialism: 1. Communism and 2. Social democrats.
Communism by fighting!
4.4 Social democrats
Karl Marx thought there would be a class war between the rich and the poor.
However, the social democrats wanted to improve workers’ conditions through
peaceful ways, like making a political party (the SDAP), universal suffrage (voting
rights) or trade unions: a union of workers with the same jobs. The problem of
poverty was called the social question, and laws to improve this are social laws.
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