Exam (elaborations)
PPCT USE OF FORCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PPCT USE OF FORCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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1-32 of 32a. Deadly Force - A force that is likely to cause great bodily harm or death.
b. The three requirements for use of deadly force in self-defense are:
i. Ability - The capability or means to cause great bodily harm or death.
ii. Opportunity - In a position to cause great bodily harm or death.
iii. Jeopardy - An overt threatening move or gesture that could cause great bodily harm
or death.
c. There is no golden rule to cover every situation. The circumstances and variables are
normally different and can change. An officer will usually have only seconds to make a
decision on the street.
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The elements of deadly force
,i. Officer Arrival
1. Marked unit versus unmarked
2. Uniform versus plainclothes
3. Number of officers
ii. Approach
1. What officer observed
2. Officer's initial verbal commands
iii. Subject's Action
1. Subject's verbal responses
2. Subject's body language
3. Subject's physical actions
iv. Officer's Action
1. Type of control methods used
2. Duration of resistance
3. Type of de-escalation methods used
4. Handcuffed and double locked
v. Transport Procedure
1. Subject's demeanor and actions
2. Where transported to
3. Length of transport
b. If supervisors will not allow the officer to record all of the above information, the
officer needs to write a separate statement for personal use later. Some courts feel that if
it is not documented, then it never happened. If an officer is involved in a critical incident,
it is stressed to always write supplemental reports to the incident after sleep and rest.
This should be done in 24 and 48-hour increments, due to the effects of critical incident
amnesia. This condition can cause the officer to forget essential details of the incident.
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Identify the responsibility of reporting use of force.
i. The threat perception has diminished.
ii. The perception of injury.
iii. Trauma to a vital system.
iv. Exhaustion of aerobic and anaerobic systems
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, i. Confidence Factor
1. Institute a training psychology directed at developing confidence quickly.
2. Incorporate stimulus response training.
ii. Motor Skill Selection
1. Select gross motor skills whenever possible
2. Minimize the number of response options. (Hicks Law)
iii. Tactical Breathing
1. Incorporate tactical breathing techniques to control heart rate.
iv. Visualization Drills
1. Prepares one mentally and physically for combat.
2. Mental preparation reduces anxiety, allowing for enhanced performance.
3. Tunes the nervous system, which enhances reaction time.
v. Faith Factor
1. Creates a state of mind that controls escalating heart rates when confronted with
imminent danger.
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Identify methods to reduce survival stress effects
All of the techniques within the PPCT System are designed around the "Three Minute
Rule," which means if an officer cannot learn the basic mechanics of a technique in three
minutes or less, in all probability, the officer will not be able to retain or use the
technique in the stress of an actual resistance. Hick's Law states that "less is best."
Stimulus-response training is direct or indirect training that may determine one's actions
under stress. Currently there are three methods of training when survival skills are taught.
They are: Static Training - Where gross muscle movement is taught without any stimulus
initiating action. Techniques are practiced in a slow motion manner without any type of
stimulated resistance allowed. No more than 25 repetitions should be needed. Fluid
Training - Practicing a technique that is now accompanied by stimulated but relaxed
resistance. The resistor gives the officer the most common type of resistance that is
applicable to the control method being practiced. This type of training shortens the
officer's reaction time and prevents mental stalls. Dynamic Training - This phase of
training is designed to duplicate actual resistance the officers may incur. Dynamic training
must be practiced with restraints and supervision to prevent injury, or keep injury to a
minimum. One benefit is that this type of stimulation separates techniques into those that
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