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PHSC 101 Earth Science Final Exam With Complete Solutions
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PHSC 101 Earth Science Final Exam With Complete Solutions
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PHSC 101 Earth Science Final Exam WithComplete Solutions
4 spheres of Earth Answer: Lithosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere
SGA Answer: Simple general accurate
Anthromorphic explanation Answer: objects viewed as having human characteristics
mechanistic explanation Answer: objects viewed as parts of a machine & inanimate
Steps of the scientific method Answer: 1a. decide what to study
1b. Look for a pattern
2. formulate a hypothesis
3. make a testable prediction
4. make observations/do experiments
Earth's most basic clock Answer: the sun
Retrograde motion Answer: planets fall further East each night, but sometimes they reverse for a
time
Astronomy Answer: observations of the sky
,Cosmology Answer: explanation of what we see in the sky
Elements Answer: Earth (absolute gravity), Water (relative gravity), Air (relative gravity), Fire
(absolute levity)
Geostatic Answer: Earth is stationary
Geocentric Answer: Earth is the center
Earthly realm Answer: Earth has absolute gravity, objects reach natural resting places and stop
there, corruptible
Heavenly realm Answer: Aether is luminous & unchanging, all motion in heavens is circular and
uniform
Ptolemy's Model Answer: Geostatic, epicycles, retrograde motion explained by epicycles
Copernicus' Model Answer: Heliocentric, Earth revolves around the sun, no explanation for why
planets move in circular motion, no explanation for retrograde motion
Advantages of Copernicus' Model Answer: simple, mechanistically probable, general
Disadvantages of Copernicus' model Answer: counterintuitive (violated common sense),
unorthodox, inaccurate
Kepler's laws Answer: 1. planets move in ellipses, sun is 1 of the foci
2. line joining planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas as it travels across orbit
, Galileo Answer: fought the church, early telescope observations, REJECTED Kepler's elliptical orbits
of planets
Aristotle's 1st law Answer: constant motion requires a constant force, directly applied
Principles of motion (natural state of rest) Answer: natural resting state, they get there and stay
there
Principles of motion (natural motion) Answer: elements tend to seek natural resting places
Principles of motion (violent motion) Answer: any forced motion that opposes natural motion
Aristotle's new model of motion Answer: natural state of rest
Galileo's new model of motion Answer: natural state of intertia
Galileo's conclusions Answer: 1. Inertia (one in motion, stay in motion unless acted on by an outside
force)
2. Acceleration (falling objects don't stay at the same speed, they speed up)
Order of the solar system Answer: Sun, mercury, venus, Earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus +
neptune, pluto
Descartes Answer: 1st law: things remain in their state if nothing changes it
2nd law: every moving body continues in a straight line
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