Class notes
Chapter 8 - Appendicular Skeleton
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HLSC 120 – Human AnatomyChapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton
Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, and the girdles of bones that attach to the axial skeleton
PECTORAL GIRDLE attachment of some of the rotator cuff muscles, w/c help stabilize and move the
consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place; articulate w/ the trunk; each shoulder joint
supports one upper limb; Subscapular fossa – broad, relatively smooth, anterior surface of the scapula;
2 bones: slightly concave and relatively featureless
Clavicle – collarbone Subscapularis – large muscle that overlies this fossa
Scapula – shoulder blade Spine – a ridge of bone on the posterior aspect of the scapula; easily palpated under
Functions: the skin; continuous w/ the acromion; subdivides the posterior surface of the
Provides attachment sites for many muscles that move the limb scapula into 2 shallow depressions / fossae:
Promotes upper limb mobility in 2 ways: Supraspinous fossa – depression superior to the spine
o Bec the scapula is not directly attached to the axial skeleton, it moves Infraspinous fossa – inferior to the spine; broad and extensive surface
freely across the posterior surface of the thorax, permitting it to move Acromion – larger posterior process w/c forms the bony tip of the shoulder; the
w/ it upper bump you feel on your upper shoulder; articulates w/ the acromial end of the
o Shallow cavity of the shoulder joint permits a wide range of movement clavicle
of the upper limb Coracoid process – smaller, more anterior projection
CLAVICLE Superior border – horizontal edge of the scapula superior to the spine
S-shaped bone that extends b/w the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion Medial border – vertebral border; edge of the scapula closest to the vertebrae
of the scapula; the curved bone you feel under your skin close to the collar of your Lateral border – axillary border; closest to the axilla (armpit)
shirt Surprascapular foramen / notch – superior border that provides passage for the
Superior surface – smooth suprascapular nerve and blood vessels
Inferior surface – marked by grooves and ridges for muscle and ligament Between these borders:
attachment Superior angle – pointed part of the scapula n/w the superior and medial
Conoid tubercle – found on the inferior surface near the acronial end; rough borders
tuberosity; cone-shaped Inferior angle – located b/w the medial and lateral borders
Costal tuberosity – prominence at the sterna end of the clavicle Lateral angle – made up of glenoid cavity
Sternal end – medial end; roughly pyramidal in shape and articulates w/ the o Glenoid cavity/fossa – cup-shaped, shallow, articulates w/ the
manubrium of the sternum; forms the sternoclavicular joint humerus (bone of the arm)
Acromial end – lateral end; broad and flattened; articulates w/ the acromion of the o Tubercles – found on the superior and inferior edges of the glenoid
scapula; forms the acromioclavicular joint cavity; serve as attachment sites for the muscles that position the
SCAPULA shoulder and arm
broad, flat, triangular bone that forms the shoulder blade; the bone you feel when o Supraglenoid tubercle – superior edge of the glenoid cavity
you put your hand on your lateral back region and move your upper limb; several o Infraglenoid tubercle – near the inferior edge
large projections extend from the scapula and provide muscle and ligament Upper Limb
attachments; has several flattened regions of bone that provide surfaces for contains a total of 30 bones:
1 humerus – located in the brachium region
, 1 radius and 1 ulna – located in the antebrachium region Radius – spoke of a wheel / ray; located more laterally (farther from the trunk /
8 carpal bones – form the wrist body)
5 metacarpal bones – form the palm of the hand Head – located at the proximal end of the radius; disc-shaped; articulates w/
14 phalanges – form the fingers the capitulum of the humerus
HUMERUS Neck – narrow; extends from the radial head to the radial or bicipital tuberosity
longest and largest upper limb bone o Radial tuberosity – attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle
Head – located at its proximal end; hemisphere-shaped; articulates w/ the glenoid Shaft – curves slightly and leads to a wider distal end where there is a laterally
cavity of the scapula; adjacent to the head are 2 tubercles: placed styloid process –bony projection that can be palpated on the lateral side
Greater tubercle – positioned more laterally; helps form the rounded cotour of of the wrist, just proximal to the thumb
the shoulder Ulnar notch – located on the distal medial surface of the radius; articulates w/
Lesser tubercle – smaller and located more medially the medial surface of the distal end of the ulna
Intertubercular (bicipital) groove – contains the biceps brachii tendon Ulna – longer, medially placed bone of the forearm
Anatomical neck – located b/w the tubercles and the head of the humerus; Trochlear notch – at the proximal end of the ulna; C-shaped; interlocks w/ the
indistinct groove that marks the location of the former epiphyseal plate trochlea of the humerus
Surgical neck – narrowing of the bone immediately distal to the tubercles, at the Olecranon – prominent projection located at the posterosuperior aspect of the
transition from the head to the shaft; called “surgical” bec it is a common fracture trochlear notch; articulates w/ the olecranon fossa of the humerus; forms the
site in the elderly posterior “bump” of the elbow
Shaft – roughened area; deltoid tuberosity Δ; extends along its lateral surface for Coronoid process – located at the inferior lip of the trochlear notch; articulates
about half the length of the humerus; deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to w/ the humerus at the coronoid fossa
this roughened surface Radial notch – lateral to the coronoid process; curved; accommodates the head
Medial and lateral epicondyles – bony side projections on the distal humerus; of the radius; helps form the proximal radioulnar joint
provide surfaces or muscle attachment; these are the bumps you feel when you Head – located at the distal end of the ulna, the shaft narrows and terminates
palpate the sides of your elbow in a knoblike head that has a medial styloid process
Ulnar nerve – travelling posterior to the medial epicondyle; supplies many intrinsic o Styloid process- may be palpated on the medial of the wrist; in the
hand muscles pinky finger side
Distal end of the humerus – has 2 smooth, curved surfaces for articulation w/ the Both the radius and ulna exhibit interosseous borders w/c face each other.
bones of the forearm; exhibits 3 depressions (2 on its anterior surface and 1 on its Interosseous membrane/ligament – dense regular connective tissue that connects
posterior surface) the interosseous borders; helps keep the radius and ulna a fixed distance apart from
Elbow joint – formed by the bones of the humerus, radius, and ulna one another; provides a pivot of rotation for the forearm
Capitulum – rounded; located laterally and articulates w/ the head of the radius Proximal and distal radioulnar joints – bony joints that move during this rotation
Trochlea – pully-shaped; located medially and articulates w/ the trochlear CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
notch of the ulna bones that form the wrist and hand
Radial fossa – accommodates the radius; located anterolaterally Carpals – small, short bones that form the wrist; arranged in 2 rows (proximal and
Coronoid fossa – accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna; distal row) of four bones each; allow for the multiple movements possible at the
anteromedially placed wrist
Olecranon fossa – posterior depression; accommodates the olecranon of the Proximal carpal bones – listed from lateral to medial
ulna o Scaphoid – like a boat
RADIUS AND ULNA o Lunate – like a moon
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