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Chapter 12 - Cardiovascular System (Blood)
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HLSC 120 – Human AnatomyChapter 12: Cardiovascular System – Blood
Blood – connective tissue bec it contains cells, a liquid ground substance (plasma), PROTECTION
and dissolved proteins; 4x more viscous than water (means it is thicker); leukocytes (white blood cells) – help guard against infection by mounting an
temperature is about 1°C higher than measured body temperature immune response if a pathogen or an antigen is found
Whole blood – can be separated into its liquid and cellular components by using o antigen – a substance perceived as foreign to the body
centrifuge through the ff steps: plasma – transports antibodies
1. Blood to be sampled is withdrawn from a vein and collected in a glass tube o antibodies – molecules that can immobilize antigens until a leukocyte
(centrifuge tube). can completely kill or remove the antigen
2. The glass tube is placed into a centrifuge, w/c then spins it in a circular motion platelets and blood proteins – protect the body against blood loss by forming
for several minutes. blood clots
3. The rotational movement separates the blood into liquid and cellular BLOOD PLASMA
components, thus allowing these elements to be examined separately complex mixture of water, proteins, and other solutes
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD serum – the remaining fluid left after all the proteins are removed from the plasma
FORMED ELEMENTS: not referred to as cells bec some of them are merely water – most abundant component in plasma; makes up about 92% of its total
fragments broken off from a larger cell volume; facilitates transport of materials in the plasma
Erythrocytes – red blood cells; form the lower layer of the centrifuged blood; plasma proteins – make up about 7% of the plasma; include the ff:
makes up about 44% of a blood sample albumins – smallest; most abundant; makes up 58% of total plasma proteins;
Buffy coat – middle layer; forms less than 1% of a blood sample; thin, slightly regulate water movement b/w the blood and interstitial fluid; act as transport
gray-white layer composed of cells: proteins that carry ions, hormones and some lipids in the blood
o Leukocytes – white blood cells globulins – second largest group of plasma proteins (37%);
o Platelets – cell fragments o alpha (smaller) / beta (larger) globulins – primarily bind, support, and
PLASMA – straw-colored liquid that rises to the top in the centrifuge tube; makes protect certain water-insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones
about 55% of blood and ions
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD o gamma-globulins – immunoglobulins/antibodies; soluble proteins;
TRANSPORTATION produced by some of our defense cells; protect the body against
Erythrocytes – carry oxygen from the lungs to body cells and then transport pathogens that may cause diseases
carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs for expulsion from the body fibrinogen – makes up 4% of all plasma proteins; responsible for blood clot
Plasma – transports nutrients that have been absorbed from the GI (digestive) formation
tract; transports hormones secreted by the endocrine system to their target regulatory proteins – form less than 1% of total plasma proteins; include
cells; carries waste products from the cells to organs (i.e. kidneys) where waste enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions in the blood and hormones being
products are removed transported throughout the body to target cells
REGULATION FORMED ELEMENTS
blood temperature; absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body can be viewed by preparing a blood smear:
pH levels; how acidic or alkaline a fluid is 1. A finger is pricked and a small amount of blood is collected.
fluid levels; prevents fluid loss since there is a constant exchange of fluid b/w 2. This blood is placed on a glass slide.
the blood plasma and the interstitial fluid
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