sychology chapter 11

In psychology, the term personality refers to A. the way people perceive a particular person B. the socially desirable characteristics that a person typically displays C. a person's skill in making others feel good about himself or herself D. an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving - answer-D. an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _______________ perspective of personality A. trait B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. social cognitive - answer-B. psychoanalytic Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _________ perspective of personality. A. trait B. humanistic C. psychoanalytic D. social cognitive - answer-B. humanistic Christina believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Christina's beliefs reflect the __________ perspective of personality A. trait B. social cognitive C. humanistic D. psychoanalytic - answer-B. social cognitive Early in his career, Freud investigated the anesthetic properties of A. cocaine B. morphine C. ether D. nitrous oxide - answer-A. cocaine Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients A. instantly responding to each of fifty words that Freud read to them B. spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind C. looking at ink blots and interpreting what they saw D. making up a story about an ambiguous picture - answer-B. spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind Angela remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the dream images that Angela remembers, such as the train and the tunnel, are called ___________ content. A. sublimated B. manifest C. latent D. repressed - answer-B. manifest Anna is sitting in Freud's office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. After some discussion, Freud suggests to Anna that the train probably symbolized a man's penis and that the action of entering the dark tunnel probably symbolized sexual intercourse. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the symbolic, or hidden, meaning of the dream images is called the ___________ content. A. manifest B. latent C. displaced D. preconscious - answer-B. latent Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id? A. the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts B. the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification C. the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations D. the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world - answer-B. the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification Because of his reckless behavior, everyone says that Ricky has "a death wish." Which Freudian term best describes Ricky's behavior? A. Eros B. Reality Principle C. Thanatos D. Libido - answer-C. Thanatos Freud used the term _________ to refer specifically to sexual energy or motivation. A. Eros B. Thanatos C. Libido D. Sublimation - answer-C. Libido Which definition reflects Freud's view of the ego? A. the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification B. the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts C. the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world D. the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations - answer-C. the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world When 7 year old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his A. superego B. ego C. libido D. id - answer-A. superego Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory? A. ego B. Thanatos C. superego D. id - answer-C. superego According to Freud, the basic goals of the id are to A. seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones B. delay gratification until a socially acceptable time C. punish the self by inflicting feelings of guilt and inferiority D. channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways - answer-A. seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones According to Freud, the ego is guided by _________, whereas the id is guided by ____________. A. the pleasure principle; the reality principle B. Thanatos; Eros C. the reality principle; the pleasure principle D. Eros; Thanatos - answer-C. the reality principle; the pleasure principle Ego defense mechanisms A. increase anxiety B. operate consciously C. distort thoughts or perceptions of reality D. provide a safe outlet for the libido - answer-C. distort thoughts or perceptions of reality Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development? A. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital B. oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic C. oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic D. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital - answer-D. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital In Freud's theory, if a parent overindulges or frustrates the child's expression of pleasurable feelings at a particular psychosexual stage of development the A. parent will experience the psychological influence of the superego, which will promote strong feelings of guilt and inferiority B. child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with teh particular psychosexual stage C. ego may not develop D. child will experience reaction formation and behave in a way that is directly opposite to the frustrated desires - answer-B. child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with teh particular psychosexual stage According to Freud's theory, the Oedipus complex A. is resolved through the defense mechanism of reaction formation B. occurs during the oral stage of psychosexual development C. is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent D. first appears during the adolescent years, when sexual urges begin to surface - answer-C. is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent The neo-Freudians agreed with Freud's notion that A. sexual urges are the primary motivator of behavior B. basic human nature is aggressive and destructive C. unconscious mental processes influence behavior D. early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality - answer-C. unconscious mental processes influence behavior According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious A. gives rise to two personality types, the introvert and the extravert B. is part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people C. is analogous to Freud's concept of the preconscious D. is the source of sexual and aggressive instinctual drives - answer-B. is part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people Jung believed that feminine and masculine qualities are represented in which of the following archetypes? A. introvert and extravert B. the wise old man and the innocent child C. anima and animus D. the hero and the witch - answer-C. anima and animus In contrast to Freud, psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _________ in personality development. A. striving for superiority B. sexual conflicts during the adolescent years C. unconditional love and acceptance D. human relationships - answer-D. human relationships In contrast to Freud's view of psychosexual development, psychoanalyst Karen Horney contended that A. females feel inferior because they lack a penis B. girls do not experience the Oedipus complex until adolescence C. males often envy the capacity of females to bear children D. girls resolve the Oedipus complex long before boys do - answer-C. males often envy the capacity of females to bear children According to Alfred Adler A. the Oedipus complex persists and resurfaces throughout life B. the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self perfection C. the images and themes contained in the collective unconscious are trasmitted from one generation to the next D. men suffer from "womb envy" and resent women's capacity to bear children - answer-B. the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self perfection According to Alfred Adler, feelings of _________ are universal during infancy and childhood. A. anxiety