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MOD-5 & 6- 3-UTMB Pharmacology test questions and answers(100- accuracy).
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MOD-5 & 6- 3-UTMB Pharmacology test questions and answers(100- accuracy).
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MOD-5 & 6- 3-UTMBPharmacology test questions
and answers(100% accuracy)
How do ophthalmic anti-allergic agents limit allergic hypersensitivity
reactions—primary mechanism of action? - answer -The mast cell
stabilizers limit hypersensitivity reactions by inhibiting the degranulation
of sensitized mast cells that occur after exposure to specific antigens.
They also inhibit the release of histamine and SRS-A (slow-reacting
substance of anaphylaxis). They have no intrinsic antihistamine activity.
-Ocular antihistamines are selective for the H1 histamine receptor. They
block the H1 histamine receptors and inhibit histamine-stimulated
vascular permeability in the conjunctiva. This relieves ocular pruritus
associated with allergic conjunctivitis.
- The metabolism and excretion of ophthalmic antiallergic and anti-
inflammatory agents are unknown.
Know the dangers/risks of using first-generation antihistamines among
elderly patients or patient's with hypertension. - answer -1st gen
antihistamines can lead to significant CNS side effects: sedation,
drowsiness, somnolence, fatigue, cognitive decline, loss of coordination
-Elderly is especially sensitive to the CNS b/c of decreased cholinergic
neurons/receptors in the brain, reduced hepatic/renal function, and
increased BBB permeability
-Elderly also tend to have more comorbidities and take more meds,
increasing the risk for drug-drug interactions, and higher risk for sedative
effects, dizziness, hypotensive effects, agitation, delirium
,-Caution for HTN patients: 1st gen antihistamines (especially
decongestants) have been known to increase BP, cause unstable heart
rhythms, and increase HR
Know the characteristic symptoms of developing anaphylaxis and what are
the common medications used for such life threatening situations. -
answer -Symptoms: skin rash, itching, hives, swelling of lips tongue &
throat, SOB, bronchoconstriction, dizziness, facial edema hypotension.
-Common meds: Epinephrine, antihistamines & steroids as adjuvant
treatments
What are the common symptoms associated with the effect of an
antihistamine on a geriatric patient? - answer -Drowsiness, hypotension,
dizziness, impaired thinking/memory, agitation, hallucinations/delirium
(More with 1st generation antihistamines).
-Also, potent muscarinic receptor antagonists → can lead to serious
anticholinergic side effects: tachycardia, dry skin and mucous membranes,
constipation, urinary retention
What are the goals of treatment when prescribing antiretroviral treatment
to HIV patients? - answer -*Reduce HIV associated morbidity and prolong
the duration and quality of survival*
-*Improving quality of life*
-*Prevent HIV vertical transmission*
-Restore and preserve immunological function
-Achieve maximal and durable suppression of plasma HIV viral load for as
long as possible
-Delay the development of medication resistance.
, -Preserve CD4 T-cell numbers.
Understand the term "empiric" as it relates to prescribing antibiotic
medications. - answer Based on experience and observation rather than
on systematic logic. Experienced physicians often use empirical reasoning
to make diagnoses, based on having seen many cases over the years as
when a dangerous infection by an unknown organism is treated with a
broad-spectrum antibiotic while the results of bacterial culture and other
tests are awaited.
How might you avoid food-drug or drug-drug interactions when your
patient needs to take an antibiotic? - answer Dairy products can delay or
prevent absorption such as tetracycline and cipro. Take antibiotic one hr
before or 2 hrs after a meal. Flagyl should be taken with milk. Oral
cephalosporins can be taken w/food or milk but ceftibuten is the exception
bc it is poorly absorbed unless taken on an empty stomach.
Why do we use multiple drug combinations to treat tuberculosis? - answer
To prevent drug resistance and improve outcomes
What is IFN-beta commonly used for—what is it used to treat? - answer -Is
used in the management of multiple sclerosis, a chronic, recurrent
inflammatory disorder of the CNS that results in injury to the myelin
sheaths, the oligodendrocytes, and the axons and nerve cells themselves.
-Beta appears to reduce the frequency of neurologic disturbances (also
known as attacks or relapses) and produces a beneficial effect on several
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of disease activity.
What causes malaria and what pathogen is associated with its cause? -
answer -*Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can
be spread to humans through the bites of female Anopheles spp
mosquitoes.*
There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types
cause malaria in humans. These are:
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