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UTMB Adult 1 Test 2 questions and answers(100- accuracy)
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UTMB Adult 1 Test 2 questions and answers(100- accuracy)
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UTMB Adult 1: Test 2questions and answers(100%
accuracy)
BOWEL ELIMINATION - answer
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL ELIMINATION: Fluid Intake - answer -3L per
day for men and 2.2 L per day for women
- An inadequate fluid intake or disturbances resulting in fluid loss (such as
vomiting) affect the character of feces.
- fluid liquifies intestinal contents by absorbing into the fiber from the diet
and creating a larger, softer stool mass. this increases peristalsis and
promotes movement of stool through the colon.
- Reduced fluid and fiber intake slows passage of food through the
intestine and results in hardening of stool contents, causing constipation.
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Physical activity - answer -
Physical activity promotes peristalsis, where as immobilization depresses
it.
- Encourage early ambulation as illness begins to resolve or as soon as
possible after surgery.
- Muscle tone is sometimes weakened or lost as a result of a long-term
illness, spinal cord injury, or neurological diseases that impair nerve
transmissions.
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Psychological factors - answer -
Prolonges emotional stress impairs the function.
- During emotional stress the digestive process is accelerated, and
peristalsis is increased (diarrheas, gas)
- If a person becomes depressed the automatic nervous system may slow
impulses that decrease peristalsis, resulting in constipation.
,FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Personal habits - answer -
Personal elimination habits influence bowel function.
- A busy work schedule sometimes prevents the individual from
responding appropriately to the urge to defecate, disrupting regular
habits and causing possible constipation.
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Position during defecation -
answer - Normal position is squatting
- In a supine position it is hard to effectively contract the muscles used
during defecation (immobilized patient). Raise the head of a bed to a more
normal sitting position
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Pain - answer - When pain is felt
the patient often suppresses the urge to defecate to avoid pain,
contributing to the development of constipation.
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Pregnancy - answer - As
pregnancy advances, the size of the fetus increases, and pressure is
exerted on the rectum.
- A temporary obstruction created by the fetus impairs passage of feces.
- Slowing of peristalsis during the 3rd trimester often leads to
constipation.
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Surgery and anesthesia - answer
- Anesthetic agents cause temporary cessation of peristalsis.
- Inhaled anesthetic agents block parasympathetic impulses to the
intestinal musculature. The action of the anesthetic slows or stops
peristaltic waves.
- Patient with local/regional anesthesia has minimal effects on elimination
- Ileus: any surgery that involves the direct manipulation of the bowel
temporarily stops peristalsis. It usually lasts about 24 to 48 hours.
- If patient is not active or not eating after surgery, bowel elimination id
further delayed.
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Medications - answer - Many
medications have secondary effects on bowel elimination
,- Opioid slow peristalsis and contractions resulting in constipation
- Antibiotics decrease intestinal bacterial flora, often resulting in diarrhea
- Laxatives: promote defecation. The first one that should be given is
called fiber laxative if that doesn't work then use osmotic laxative.
- Cathartics: control diarrhea
- Patients need to avoid regular use a laxative because the intestine often
becomes dependent on it
FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL MOVEMENT: Diagnostic tests - answer -
Diagnostic tests involving visualization of GI structures often require a
prescribed bowel preparation (laxatives, enema) to ensure that the bowels
empty.
- Following the test, changes in elimination such as increased gas or loose
stool often occur until patient resumes a normal eating pattern.
Nursing process: Subjective Assessment - answer Elimination pattern
Routines to aid elimination(laxative)
Diet history
-Fluids
-Fiber
-Changes in appetite
Surgical history
Medical history
Emotional status
Exercise history
Pain/discomfort
Social history
Mobility
Dexterity
ADLs
Bristol stool description
, Bristol Stool Form Scale - answer -Uses the scale for the patient's diary
-Use to discuss with HCP when discussing GI system
Nursing process: Assessment - answer -Fecal characteristics:
Color
Odor
Consistency
Frequency
Shape
Constituents
Table 47-1 Potter & Perry
-Questions to ask:
Box 47-3 Potter & Perry
When was your last bowel movement?
Describe your bowel movement.
Do you have to strain to have a bowel movement (defecate)?
Do you use stool softeners, laxatives, enemas?
Have you had recent surgery?
What medicines are you taking?
opioids
Nursing process: Objective Assessment of Abdomen - answer Inspection:
Contour
Symmetry
Color
Scars
Auscultation:
Absent
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