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Data Communication and Networking Notes 1
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9/18/24, 12:24 Data Communication and NetworkingPM Notes 1
LECTURE NOTES
ON
Data Communication and Networks
2018 – 2019
IV B. Tech I Semester (JNTUA-R15)
Mrs. M. Latha, Assistant Professor
CHADALAWADA RAMANAMMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
Chadalawada Nagar, Renigunta Road, Tirupati – 517 506
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
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PM Notes 1
SYLLABUS
15A04704 DATA COMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING
UNIT-I
Introduction to Networks & Data Communications
The Internet, Protocols & Standards, Layered Tasks, OSI Model, TCP / IP, Addressing,
Line Coding Review, Transmission Media: Guided and unguided Media Review.
UNIT-II
Switching
Datagram Networks, Virtual Circuit Networks, Structure of a switch ,Ethernet Physical
Layer, Data Link Layer: Error detection and Correction Data Link Control: Framing,
Flow and Error Control Protocols, Noiseless Channel and Noisy Channel Protocol,
HDLC, Point-to-Point Protocol.
UNIT-III
Multiple Access
RANDOH, CDMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Controlled Access, Channelization, Wired
LANs: IEEE Standards, Standard Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Wireless
LAN, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth IEEE 802.16.
UNIT-IV
Network Layer
Design Issues, Routing Algorithms, Congestion control, Algorithms.IPV4 Addresses,
Connecting Devices, Virtual LAN IPV6 Addresses, Internet Protocol, Hardware
Addressing versus IP Addressing, IP Data Gram.
UNIT-V
Transport Layer Protocol
UDP and TCP, ATM, Cryptography, Network Security
Text Books:
1. B. A. Forouzan, “Data Communications and Networking”, MGH, 4th ed. 2007.
Reference Books:
1. A. S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”, PHI.
2. W. Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, PHI.
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Unit-I
Introduction to Networks &Data Communications
In Data Communications, data generally are defined as information that is stored in
digital form. Data communications is the process of transferring digital information
between two or more points. Information is defined as the knowledge or intelligence. Data
communications can be summarized as the transmission, reception, and processing of
digital information. For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be
part of a communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical
equipment) and software (programs). The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.
A data communications system has five components:
1. Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular
forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
2. Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
3. Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.
4. Transmission medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which
a message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media
include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
5. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It
represents an agreement between the communicating devices.
The Internet:
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet
switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both
technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was initially funded
by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.
The packet switching methodology employed in the ARPANET was based on concepts and
designs by Americans Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran, British scientist Donald Davies,
and Lawrence Roberts. The TCP/IP communications protocols were developed for the ARPANET
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by computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf, and incorporated concepts from the
French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin.
As the project progressed, protocols for internetworking were developed by which multiple
separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Access to the ARPANET was
expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science
Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite(TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard
networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for
national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986
with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the
United States from research and education organizations. The ARPANET was decommissioned in
1990.
PROTOCOLS & Standards
Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an
agreement between the communicating devices.
◻ Syntax
◻ Semantics
◻ Timing
An association of organizations, governments, manufacturers and users form the
standards organizations and are responsible for developing, coordinating and
maintaining the standards. The intent is that all data communications equipment
manufacturers and users comply with these standards. The primary standards
organizations for data communication are:
1. International Standard Organization (ISO)
ISO is the international organization for standardization on a wide range of subjects. It is
comprised mainly of members from the standards committee of various governments
throughout the world. It is even responsible for developing models which provides high level of
system compatibility, quality enhancement, improved productivity and reduced
costs. The ISO is also responsible for endorsing and coordinating the work of the other
standards organizations.
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