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Essential reading for anatomy and physiology of the human skeleton and muscles
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DistanceLearningCentre.comLEARNING MATERIALS
Subject: Biology / (Human Physiology)
Unit: Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton
and Muscles
Topic 1: Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton
and Muscles
Level: 3
Essential reading:
The essential textbook for this topic is Tortora, G.J., and
Grabowski, S.R., 2002. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.
10th ed. London: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN no: 9780471224723
Recommended reading:
Recommended reading for this topic is listed in the back pages
of these learning materials.
Further resources:
Further resources to deepen your learning on specific aspects of
this topic are listed throughout these learning materials.
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© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
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© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Biology / (Human Physiology)
Unit: Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton and Muscles
Topic 1: Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton and Muscles
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
Contents
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Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
1. The skeleton .................................................................................... 2
2. Bones............................................................................................... 5
2.1 The structure of the bone ............................................................................ 5
2.2 How do bones grow? .................................................................................. 8
2.3 When does bone growth stop? ................................................................... 8
2.4 Bone joints................................................................................................... 9
2.4.1 Fibrous joints (or fused joints)....................................................... 9
2.4.2 Cartilaginous joints........................................................................ 9
2.4.3 Synovial joints ............................................................................... 9
2.4.4 Movement at synovial joints........................................................ 11
2.4.5 Limits to movement at synovial joints ......................................... 13
3. Muscles.......................................................................................... 15
3.1 Types of muscle ........................................................................................ 16
3.1.1 Skeletal muscle ........................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Visceral muscle (smooth muscle) ............................................... 16
3.1.3 Cardiac muscle ........................................................................... 16
3.2 Muscles in the skeleton ............................................................................. 17
3.3 Muscle contraction .................................................................................... 19
3.4 How do muscles move the skeleton? ....................................................... 19
References and bibliography ................................................................. 21
Recommended reading .......................................................................... 21
Resources.............................................................................................. 21
Websites ................................................................................................ 21
Credits ................................................................................................... 22
Image credits ...................................................................................................... 22
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
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