pharmacokinetics - answer-the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure; ACTION OF BODY ON DRUG
parameters of pharmacokinetics - answer-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
absorption - answer-the process that brings a drug fro...
PHARMACOLOGY GROUNDWORK
STUDY GUIDE
pharmacokinetics - answer-the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for
the entire duration of exposure; ACTION OF BODY ON DRUG
parameters of pharmacokinetics - answer-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
absorption - answer-the process that brings a drug from the administration (eg. tablet or capsule)
into systemic circulation
liberation - answer-the process by which a drug is released from its pharmaceutical dosage form
bioavailability - answer-the fraction of the originally administered drug that arrives in systemic
circulation (eg. IV has 100% of the drug arrive in circulation virtually instantly, so
bioavailability is 100%)
AUC - answer-area under the plasma concentration curve; a method of calculating drug
bioavailability of substances with different dissemination characteristics; calculate the integral
of the curve
distribution - answer-describes how a substance is spread throughout the body
two factors that influence distribution - answer-diffusion and convection
volume of distribution (Vd) - answer-the apparent space in the body available to contain the
drug; the amount of drug in the body divided by the plasma drug concentration
loading dose - answer-allows drugs to rapidly achieve ideal concentration instead of needing to
accumulate before becoming effective; directly related to Vd; Vd x desired concentration
free drug - answer-can act pharmacologically at receptors; free concentration at receptor sites is
more closely correlated with effect than total concentration in plasma
principal proteins - answer-albumin and alpha-acid glycoprotein
metabolism - answer-processing of the drug by the body into subsequent compounds
strategies of metabolism - answer-phase I (CYP450) and phase II (UGT) reactions in liver,
primarily; otherwise GI, skin, plasma, kidneys, or lungs
excretion - answer-process by which the drug is eliminated from the body; most commonly
excreted by kidneys, otherwise lungs, skin, GI
, clearance - answer-the ratio of a drug's elimination rate to the plasma drug concentration
maintenance dosing - answer-replaces the amount of drug eliminated since previous
administration
half-life (t1/2) - answer-amount of time for serum drug concentrations to decrease by 50%;
t=(0.693xVd)/Clearance
zero-order kinetics - answer-display a constant rate of metabolism and/or elimination
independent of the concentration of a drug
first-order kinetics - answer-relies on proportion of the plasma on concentration of the drug;
constant "t" with decreasing plasma clearance over time
steady-state - answer-when the administration of a drug and the clearance are balanced, creating
a plasma concentration that is unchanged over time
pharmacodynamics - answer-the study of a drug's molecular, biochemical, and physiologic
effects or actions; ACTIONS OF DRUG ON BODY
pharmacodynamic actions - answer-- stimulating activity by directly inhibiting a receptor and its
downstream effects
- depressing activity by directly inhibiting a receptor and its downstream effects
- antagonistic (blocking) a receptor by binding but not activating
- stabilizing (neither agonizes or antagonizes)
- direct chemical reactions (beneficial or adverse)
Emax - answer-maximal effect (efficacy) of a drug on a parameter being measured
EC50 - answer-concentration of the drug at a steady state that produces half of the maximum
effect; potency
Hill coefficient - answer-slope of the relationship between drug concentration and drug effect;
above 2 = steep; above 3 = instantaneous
direct effect - answer-drugs interacting with a receptor or enzyme that is central to the pathway
of the effect
indirect effect - answer-drugs interacting with receptors and proteins of other biologic structures
that are significantly upstream from the end biochemical processes that produce drug effect
drug-receptor interaction formula - answer-?
Kd - answer-measures how tightly a drug binds to its receptor; ratio of rate of constants for
association (kon) and dissosiation (koff) of the drug to and from the receptors; smaller k value =
greater affinity of the antibody for its target
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