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Menopause Questions and Answers Verified by Expert 100% Correct | Latest
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Menopause Questions and Answers Verified byExpert 100% Correct | Latest 2024-2025
Summarize the physiology of natural menopause and describe the
recommendation for or against laboratory confirmation of menopause -
ANSWER Menopause is defined as the point in time at which menstruation has
ceased for a full year. In the peri-menopausal period leading up to this time, i tis
common for cycles to become erratic due to normal physiologic changes to the
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The developing ovarian follicles are less
responsive to FSH and the ovaries produce less estradiol, progesterone, and
androgens. Normally, high levels of estrogen and progesterone serve as a negative
feedback loop on the hypothalamus, keeping production of gonadotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH) low. However, as estrogen and progesterone levels
decrease, this eliminates the usual negative feedback effect and thus GnRH is high
and FSH/LH from the anterior pituitary is thus high. During this transition,
hormone levels can fluctuate wildly from day to day, which makes measuring
hormones during this time difficult to interpret and is not recommended in most
cases.
Due to the established risk for breast cancer, estrogen-progesterone therapy for
menopausal symptoms should be limited to _________ years of use. -
ANSWER 3-5 years
The addition of progesterone to estrogen hormone therapy was developed to
lower the risk of.... - ANSWER endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
Describe the 3 type of estrogens and where they are produced. - ANSWER E1 =
estrone, the weakest estrogen, primary estrogen present in post-menopausal
females, children, and males. In the post-menopausal period, 5% is produced by
the ovaries by 95% is produced by adipose-conversion of androstenedione
secreted by the adrenals
, E2 = estradiol, most potent estrogen, main estrogen produced during the female
reproductive years by the ovaries
E3 = estriol, secreted by the placenta, present in non-pregnant females only in
small amounts as a by-product of estradiol and estrone
Describe the production of testosterone in post-menopausal females and the
pattern of its level throughout the menopausal transition - ANSWER Although
the ovaries of post-menopausal females no longer produce estrogen or functional
follicles after menopause, the corticostromal and hilar cells of the stromal tissue
are still steroidogenic and produce androstenedione and testosterone. Circulating
levels of testosterone thus remain relatively constant before and after
menopause, due to the presence of high FSH/LH that marks menopause which
acts to stimulate the ovaries to increase testosterone production
Age of natural menopause, range and average - ANSWER average 52, range 40-
58
Succinct explanation of the relationship of body fat to estrogen levels -
ANSWER Adipose tissue stores androstenedione, and converts it to estrogen.
Succinct explanation of what anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) is a marker of on lab
studies - ANSWER AMH is a marker of ovarian reserve, and reflects the number
of remaining follicles
Selective laboratory testing to consider in females presenting with suspected
menopause-related symptoms to rule out other contributing conditions -
ANSWER CBC, fasting glucose, TSH, prolactin
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